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Dinosaur Fossils In the past century, one of the most amazing findings by scientists has been dinosaur bones. Dinosaur bones also called fossils are the remains of old dinosaur skeletons. Sometimes scientists who discover dinosaur fossils just find footprints in the dirt. Other times, they find enough fossils to make a complete dinosaur. But how do dinosaur bones that are millions of years old get turned into fossils? How can something buried beneath dirt and sand last for so long? Fossil Formation When dinosaurs or other ancient animal or plant life dies, a gradual process begins. (A) Then the dead dinosaur is eventually covered by dirt and mud. (B) This leaves the hardest parts of the dinosaur- bones and teeth. (C) After thousands of years, the chemicals in the buried dinosaur's body go through a series of changes. (D) As the bone slowly decays, groundwater gets inside the bone. The minerals in the groundwater are replaced with the chemicals in the bone. These minerals are the same as the surrounding rock. As the dinosaur bone turns into a fossil, it becomes a heavy, rock-like version of the original dinosaur. It is now officially called a fossil. When scientists look for dinosaur fossils, they look for specific rock types. Fossils are usually found in either shale, siltstone, mudstone, or sandstone. Preservation (E) Preservation is an important word when studying fossils. (F) It means to keep something in the same condition for a long time. (G) One of the best examples of dinosaur fossils is in the Field Museum in Chicago. (H) The Tyrannosaurus Rex (or T-Rex) was the fiercest and largest dinosaur on the planet. It was a carnivore, or meat eater. T-Rex liked to eat smaller dinosaurs for dinner, using its powerful jaws to crush its victims. The skeleton of Sue was discovered in the dry plains of South Dakota in 1990 by Sue Henderson, a scientist. By studying prehistoric fossils, we can learn about life millions of years ago.

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4G - 14:15 น. ← Screenshot_20230... Reading-Comprehen... Q Volcanoes Read the passage below and answer the questions on the next page. 4G 54 Volcanoes are geological formations that are created due to the movement of magma and gas from the Earth's mantle and core to its surface. The Earth's crust is made up of several large tectonic plates that are in constant motion, and when these plates collide, magma is forced to the surface, resulting in volcanic eruptions. Games4esl Volcanoes can be found all over the world and are often located in areas where tectonic plates converge, such as the Pacific Ring of Fire. Volcanoes can be classified into three main types: shield volcanoes, stratovolcanoes, and cinder cone volcanoes. Shield volcanoes are formed by repeated eruptions of fluid lava flows, which are thin and runny due to low viscosity. As the lava spreads out, it forms a wide, gently sloping mountain. Stratovolcanoes are steep, cone-shaped mountains that are formed by layers of ash, lava, and other volcanic debris. They are typically the result of explosive eruptions. Cinder cone volcanoes are small, steep-sided cones that are formed from a single vent and have a circular crater at the top. They are usually created by explosive eruptions that produce a lot of ash and cinders. |||| Volcanic eruptions can be very destructive and can cause damage to both the natural environment and human infrastructure. They can cause ash clouds that can travel for miles and disrupt air travel, as well as pyroclastic flows, which are fast-moving clouds of hot gas, ash, and rock that can be deadly. In addition to causing destruction, volcanic eruptions can also be beneficial, as they can create new land, enrich soil with minerals and nutrients, and provide sources of geothermal energy. 3 Scientists study volcanoes in order to better understand their behavior and predict when eruptions might occur. They use instruments such as seismometers, gas sensors, and satellite imagery to monitor the activity of volcanoes and track changes in their behavior. This information can be used to create early warning systems that can help protect people and communities from the effects of volcanic eruptions. www.Games4esl.com

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3. 1. โปรตีนประกอบจากหน่วยย่อย............ องค์ประกอบสําคัญคือ 2. การเชื่อมระหว่าง amino acid 2 โมเลกุล โดยต่อที่หมู่ ..ของอีกโมเลกุล A. H₂N- N CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ (a) Primary structure CH₂ ENNH2 ใบงาน สารประกอบคาร์บอนในสิ่งมีชีวิต โปรตีน) ชื่อ 1 เลย CH₂ C. SH Hydrogen bond (b) Secondary structure งย้ดกันด้วยพันธะ 6. สามารถแบ่งโครงสร้างโปรตีนออกเป็น 4 ระดับ ได้แก่ D. OH CH₂ c) Tertiary structure Heme -polypeptide โปรตีน 1 กรัม ให้พลังงาน | 11 (d) Quaternary structure- a polypeptide E HN CH₂ จากรูปมี peptide bond...................ออกมาจากการสร้างพันธะ............... จากรูป peptide นี้ประกอบจาก amino acid 4. เพปไทด์ (peptide) ที่ประกอบด้วยกรดแอมิโน (Amino acid) 2 โมเลกุล เรียกว่า 5. เพปไทด์ (peptide) ที่ประกอบด้วยกรดแอมิโน (amino acid) 3 โมเลกุล เรียกว่า......... ของโมเลกุลหนึ่งกับหมู่ CH₂ CH₂ NH ====== NH₂ เลขที่ 1 ชั้น ม.4/1 -OH ธาตุที่เป็น kcal 7. จากภาพ a-b ฮีโมโกลบินจัดเป็นโปรตีนที่มี โครงสร้างแบบใด

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