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Dinosaur Fossils In the past century, one of the most amazing findings by scientists has been dinosaur bones. Dinosaur bones also called fossils are the remains of old dinosaur skeletons. Sometimes scientists who discover dinosaur fossils just find footprints in the dirt. Other times, they find enough fossils to make a complete dinosaur. But how do dinosaur bones that are millions of years old get turned into fossils? How can something buried beneath dirt and sand last for so long? Fossil Formation When dinosaurs or other ancient animal or plant life dies, a gradual process begins. (A) Then the dead dinosaur is eventually covered by dirt and mud. (B) This leaves the hardest parts of the dinosaur- bones and teeth. (C) After thousands of years, the chemicals in the buried dinosaur's body go through a series of changes. (D) As the bone slowly decays, groundwater gets inside the bone. The minerals in the groundwater are replaced with the chemicals in the bone. These minerals are the same as the surrounding rock. As the dinosaur bone turns into a fossil, it becomes a heavy, rock-like version of the original dinosaur. It is now officially called a fossil. When scientists look for dinosaur fossils, they look for specific rock types. Fossils are usually found in either shale, siltstone, mudstone, or sandstone. Preservation (E) Preservation is an important word when studying fossils. (F) It means to keep something in the same condition for a long time. (G) One of the best examples of dinosaur fossils is in the Field Museum in Chicago. (H) The Tyrannosaurus Rex (or T-Rex) was the fiercest and largest dinosaur on the planet. It was a carnivore, or meat eater. T-Rex liked to eat smaller dinosaurs for dinner, using its powerful jaws to crush its victims. The skeleton of Sue was discovered in the dry plains of South Dakota in 1990 by Sue Henderson, a scientist. By studying prehistoric fossils, we can learn about life millions of years ago.

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20 10 15 Study Suggests Sitting Less Can Extend Life Track 6 Karzmarzy studies, which government-ru people spend Not only sitting less, th could add an People ask, "Is it eve "That's never too la know that y Katzmarzyl Cham to desk de "Tha They may desk. I've for every can go fo Katzmar • By Rebecca Widiss VOAnews.com hat's the best seat in the house? It may be whichever one you use the least. New research suggests that cutting daily sitting time to less than three hours might extend your life by two years. W Humans were designed to move. But modern lifestyles and office jobs rarely prom us to roam around. Quite the opposite, says Peter Katzmarzyk, an epidemiologist at the University of Louisiana. "Sitting is ubiquitous in our lives today. You know, we sit while we're eating, we sit in the car, we sit while we watch TV. And many of us sit for many hours at work. So on average, Americans report they sit between four and a half to five hours a day," Katzma said. team to And, as he says, those chair-centered days matter to our health, just like exercise "We can't throw away physical activity. It's extremely important. We have 60 years of research showing us that. But sedentary behavior is also important. . . . If you exercis for 30 minutes a day. What goes on in the other 23 and a half hours a day is also very important," Katzmarzyk said. Ka occupa and do we sp Katzmarzyk and his colleagues are part of a new generation of researchers trying discover how sitting all day affects our lifespans. "This is a relatively new area of study. . . . Studies that have assessed the relations between sitting and mortality or television viewing and mortality are very rare. There's of been a few of them, actually five or six now, in the last four or five years," said Katzman 66

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READING A dream concert Understand new words SPEAK AND READ 1 What kind of concert is in the picture? 1.35 Read the concert program and answer the questions. y 2 1 Why did José Ángel Salazar become famous? Who is the most important person in an orchestra? 3 What does José Ángel want to do in the future? 3 a Read the tips in the HOW TO box. b Read the text again and try to understand the underlined words. 4 Match the dictionary definitions to the underlined words in the text. 1 (adj) knowing about a situation or a fact 2 (v) communicate ideas or feelings 3 (v) criticize someone for doing 4 something wrong (n) the ability to understand something OM 5 (v) performed a short song, dance, or act, hoping to be selected for a play or concert 6 (n) movements that communicate a feeling or instruction 5 Which tips in the HOW TO box did you use for help with Exerclone #b and 4? Check (✓) them. A season of dream concerts The Youth Orchestra of Nueva Esparta, Venezuela performs Schubert's 5th Symphony with José Ángel Salazar as conductor HOW TO understand new words rep edt so evitininkdrig ogu enoltreup en now my mi 01691 oy \alnemunten Identify the part of speech (verb, noun, adjective, adverb). 3 Is there a similar word in your language? Does its meaning help you? Look at the words and sentences before and after the new word. Guess what the new word might mean and check your idea in the sentence. When José Ángel Salazar was 14 years old, he became the youngest conductor in the world. Born in Nueva Esparta, Venezuela, José Ángel didn't listen to much classical music during his childhood. When he was eight years old, his father and grandfather took him to a brass band concert, and his life changed forever. He stopped going to karate lessons and learned to play the flute. Soon afterward, he decided to learn the violin. n 2011 José Ángel auditioned to join the Symphony Orchestra of Nueva Esparta, where he continued studying violin and music theory. The following year, he was asked to become the orchestra's conductor. Although conductors usually have their backs to the audience, they are the most important person in an orchestra. Apart from indicating the beat of the music, the conductor interprets how the music is played. He uses different movements, gestures, and expressions to communicate with every individual musician. There are between 70 and 80 musicians in the Youth Orchestra of Nueva Esparta, and more than half of them are older than José Ángel. "It's hard because I have to find the way to communicate, or sometimes tell off kids who are much older than me," he said in an interview with the Guardian newspaper. "Conducting is a wordless language. I have to convey confidence to the musicians in order to get a confident performance back I have to coordinate my body's movements with the music." from them... José Ángel is also aware of the importance of words for a conductor. "I'd like to study languages. I don't want to go on tour and have to use a translator. Or if I'm interpreting Mahler, there are certain criteria, or feelings, that I'd have a better grasp of if I spoke German."

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กก cambridgeone.org GRAMMAR: Tense review (simple and continuous) Complete the descriptions of different tenses. Use the sentences in the grammar box to help you. Which tense describes . 1 past experiences with no spedificpast time given? present perfect 2 an action in progress in the past? 3 acompleted action in the past? 4 a habit or repeated action in the present? 5 an action in progress in the present? 6 an action that started sometime in the past and is still continuing? Simple and continuous tenses simple present Every year Iset myselfagoal of learning a new skil. Im saving money to open a small studio. I faced my fear, went in there, and caught that spider. I was working in a summer camp when it happened. present continuous simple past past continuous present perfect Ive done a lot of different things. present perfect continuous This year Fve been learning computer animation. Now go to page 129.Look at the grammar chart and do the grammar exercise for 1.1. Choose five time expressions from the box and write sentences that aretrue for you. atthe moment at 8oclock this morning for the last three months never every day last year since I was a child now oncea week when I got home yesterday t was raining when lleft the house this morning. [ GROUP WORK ] Read your sentences to your group. How many of your sentences are the same or similar? SPEAKING [ PAIR WORK] Read the sentences and discuss which ones are true for you. If they are false, explain why. 1 Iwon amedal when I was in high school. 2 rvebeen studying English for more than 10years. 3 lonce got more than 100 likes for a post on social media. 4 rm saving money to go on vacation next year. 5 Ihave never been afraid of anything. | GROUP WORK ] Report back to the class on the five things you learned about your partner. 1 Juan runs marathons, and hes won five medals for running.Hes beenstudying English for three years. Hedoesn't likesocial media, so hes never.

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