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Dinosaur Fossils In the past century, one of the most amazing findings by scientists has been dinosaur bones. Dinosaur bones also called fossils are the remains of old dinosaur skeletons. Sometimes scientists who discover dinosaur fossils just find footprints in the dirt. Other times, they find enough fossils to make a complete dinosaur. But how do dinosaur bones that are millions of years old get turned into fossils? How can something buried beneath dirt and sand last for so long? Fossil Formation When dinosaurs or other ancient animal or plant life dies, a gradual process begins. (A) Then the dead dinosaur is eventually covered by dirt and mud. (B) This leaves the hardest parts of the dinosaur- bones and teeth. (C) After thousands of years, the chemicals in the buried dinosaur's body go through a series of changes. (D) As the bone slowly decays, groundwater gets inside the bone. The minerals in the groundwater are replaced with the chemicals in the bone. These minerals are the same as the surrounding rock. As the dinosaur bone turns into a fossil, it becomes a heavy, rock-like version of the original dinosaur. It is now officially called a fossil. When scientists look for dinosaur fossils, they look for specific rock types. Fossils are usually found in either shale, siltstone, mudstone, or sandstone. Preservation (E) Preservation is an important word when studying fossils. (F) It means to keep something in the same condition for a long time. (G) One of the best examples of dinosaur fossils is in the Field Museum in Chicago. (H) The Tyrannosaurus Rex (or T-Rex) was the fiercest and largest dinosaur on the planet. It was a carnivore, or meat eater. T-Rex liked to eat smaller dinosaurs for dinner, using its powerful jaws to crush its victims. The skeleton of Sue was discovered in the dry plains of South Dakota in 1990 by Sue Henderson, a scientist. By studying prehistoric fossils, we can learn about life millions of years ago.

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1b 1 Vocabulary practice Character ► Reading a. What type of texts are A and B? What do you think they are about? b. Read the texts. Which advert: 1 wants actors to advertise something? 2 asks people to apply by email? 3 only wants three people? 4 wants only male actors? c. Underline the character adjectives in the adverts. Use them to answer the questions. What do we call a person who... 1 has good manners? 2 likes to hurt or upset people? shows understanding of other people's needs? 3 4 is very proud of their looks? 5 expects good things to happen? 6 cares only about himself/ herself? 7 doesn't get upset or angry? 8 gives more than is usual? STUDYSKILLS Remembering New Words: Opposites Learn words in pairs of opposites. This will help you remember them more easily. A Actors wanted for new film "Bad Guys'. Location: Brooklyn Audition date: 14th September B Send pictures and CVs to: Michael Glover, Chimera Filmworks Inc. email: m.glover@chimera.co.nyc Characters: Sean - 25-30, dark complexion, tall, medium build, good-looking, cruel and greedy 4 Stacy - 30-36, pale complexion, medium height, slim, average looks, vain and selfish Laura - 26-32, fair complexion, short, average build, pretty, optimistic, caring, sensitive and honest CASTING CALL FOR TV COMMERCIAL Location: Creative Edge Studios, Los Angeles Seeking: Three male actors • Jack: handsome, blond hair, blue eyes, aged 18-23; friendly, patient, polite • Buddy: good-looking, dark curly hair, moustache, in early twenties; friendly, generous, easy-going • Delivery Guy: tall, strong build, in late twenties; impatient, bossy, rude Also seeking: male and female extras, aged 16-18 Actual shooting date is Sunday, 28th September Please call Dawn Reed with any questions 703-478-0880 Speaking 3 In pairs, use character adjectives to talk about people you know. A: Have you met our new neighbour? B: No, I haven't. What's he like? A: He's very friendly and polite! Appearance Which words in the adverts (A & B) describe appearance/ height/build?

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