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Dinosaur Fossils In the past century, one of the most amazing findings by scientists has been dinosaur bones. Dinosaur bones also called fossils are the remains of old dinosaur skeletons. Sometimes scientists who discover dinosaur fossils just find footprints in the dirt. Other times, they find enough fossils to make a complete dinosaur. But how do dinosaur bones that are millions of years old get turned into fossils? How can something buried beneath dirt and sand last for so long? Fossil Formation When dinosaurs or other ancient animal or plant life dies, a gradual process begins. (A) Then the dead dinosaur is eventually covered by dirt and mud. (B) This leaves the hardest parts of the dinosaur- bones and teeth. (C) After thousands of years, the chemicals in the buried dinosaur's body go through a series of changes. (D) As the bone slowly decays, groundwater gets inside the bone. The minerals in the groundwater are replaced with the chemicals in the bone. These minerals are the same as the surrounding rock. As the dinosaur bone turns into a fossil, it becomes a heavy, rock-like version of the original dinosaur. It is now officially called a fossil. When scientists look for dinosaur fossils, they look for specific rock types. Fossils are usually found in either shale, siltstone, mudstone, or sandstone. Preservation (E) Preservation is an important word when studying fossils. (F) It means to keep something in the same condition for a long time. (G) One of the best examples of dinosaur fossils is in the Field Museum in Chicago. (H) The Tyrannosaurus Rex (or T-Rex) was the fiercest and largest dinosaur on the planet. It was a carnivore, or meat eater. T-Rex liked to eat smaller dinosaurs for dinner, using its powerful jaws to crush its victims. The skeleton of Sue was discovered in the dry plains of South Dakota in 1990 by Sue Henderson, a scientist. By studying prehistoric fossils, we can learn about life millions of years ago.

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1c 12 Fill in the correct prepositions. Then, choose any five phrases and make up sentences using them. out of the ordinary ............the countryside 1 2 www.scratch 3 4. to expect sth .......sb 5 ............ the winter 6 to appeal... sb 7 to live........ a tree top 8 to become short....... space 9 an extension ........... his home 10 to convince people. sth 11 the benefits............ th 12 suitable sb 13 to suffer hay fever 14 fear heights Appendix Word formation 14 Fill in the correct word derived from the word in bold. Rea to get an idea what the text is about. Read the text once quickly. For each gap decide what the missing word is (e.g. noun, verb, adverb, etc.). You may need to write the word in the plural or with a negative meaning. Think of possible prefixes and suffixes. Fill in the gaps. Check the spelling. Read the completed text to check if it makes sense. 1 x differ abou havi Liste prob spea lett one A B C D E F Phrasal verbs 13 a. Replace the words in bold with the appropriate phrasal verb formed with break or bring. 1 My computer has stopped working. (= broken down) 2 My favourite band have just released their new album. 3 Schools finish for the summer holidays tomorrow. 4 She was raised by her grandma. 5 The burglars entered by force and stole all our valuables. 6 A fire began suddenly on the second floor of the building. 7 Visiting my old neighbourhood always makes me recall memories of family holidays. 8 The two countries ended diplomatic relations with each other two years ago. Game Competition b. Choose one of the phrasal verbs in Ex. 13a and draw a picture about it. In teams, show your picture to the class. The team which guesses the phrasal verb first gets one point. Continue the game until all of you have shown your pictures. The team with the most points is the winner. YOUR Burglarproof HOME Can you imagine anything worse than returning home to find that burglars have broken into your house? 0) Unfortunately, this happens to about 1 million people in Britain 1) 2) However, if you want better against burglars there are several fortune annual protect 4) things you can do. To improve 3) the locks on your doors and windows. The of lighting all around the house check all secure install will make sure a burglar is 5) the shadows. An alarm system is to hide in another good able measure you can take. Starting a 7) also a very 8) watch group is prevent neighbour your area. Since most 9) way to prevent crime in take place effect burglar value 6) when people are away on holiday, this is when your neighbours' help is most 10) to collect your mail, Ask them open and close day, switch your lights on and off and even mow your your curtains every lawn to make your house look occupied. 2.

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C. Complete the sentences. Use the verbs in the correct form: the future or the present. (8 marks) Example: I (clean) my room before I 13. If it 14. We 16. Noah (go out). I'll clean my room before I go out. 17. I (rain) tomorrow, we (not/ have) the picnic. 15. When you (go away) to college. (miss) Luke a lot when he (not/ recognize) her. (finish) work. (see) Liz again. You 18. Before I (turn off) the lights. 19. We soon as the rain 20. Let's (come) back. (go) to the gym after he (be) surprised if my sister (pass) her driving test. (leave), I (continue) with the game as (stop). (wait) until she

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20 10 15 Study Suggests Sitting Less Can Extend Life Track 6 Karzmarzy studies, which government-ru people spend Not only sitting less, th could add an People ask, "Is it eve "That's never too la know that y Katzmarzyl Cham to desk de "Tha They may desk. I've for every can go fo Katzmar • By Rebecca Widiss VOAnews.com hat's the best seat in the house? It may be whichever one you use the least. New research suggests that cutting daily sitting time to less than three hours might extend your life by two years. W Humans were designed to move. But modern lifestyles and office jobs rarely prom us to roam around. Quite the opposite, says Peter Katzmarzyk, an epidemiologist at the University of Louisiana. "Sitting is ubiquitous in our lives today. You know, we sit while we're eating, we sit in the car, we sit while we watch TV. And many of us sit for many hours at work. So on average, Americans report they sit between four and a half to five hours a day," Katzma said. team to And, as he says, those chair-centered days matter to our health, just like exercise "We can't throw away physical activity. It's extremely important. We have 60 years of research showing us that. But sedentary behavior is also important. . . . If you exercis for 30 minutes a day. What goes on in the other 23 and a half hours a day is also very important," Katzmarzyk said. Ka occupa and do we sp Katzmarzyk and his colleagues are part of a new generation of researchers trying discover how sitting all day affects our lifespans. "This is a relatively new area of study. . . . Studies that have assessed the relations between sitting and mortality or television viewing and mortality are very rare. There's of been a few of them, actually five or six now, in the last four or five years," said Katzman 66

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Part 1: Speaking (Items 1-13) Part 1.1 Long conversation (Items 1 - 10) Directions: Choose the best answers to fill in the blanks. Dialogue 1 (Items 1 - 3) Situation: Jenny and Tina are friends. Jenny calls Tina and talks about her problem. Jenny: Are you busy this weekend? omda คุณมุ่งไหม wow? Tina: Not really......... .(1)............... Why? Jenny: I will have math test next Monday but I don't understand it at all. .(2)............... Tina: No worries. I can help you. I'm free on Sunday morning. You can come to my house and we can study together. ขอบใจน แล้วเจอกัน Jenny: ....... (3)................ Thanks. See you then. ฉันว่างเสมอ 11. I'm always free. 3. I have an interview with my teacher. 2 1. I'm so stressful. 3. You know I'm good at it. 3 1. You're the best! 3. I've got an idea! 2. I'm doing nothing. 4. I have been there twice. 2. It is disappointing. 4. I don't think it's frightening. 2. Same as me! 4. I know you can do it! ‒‒‒‒‒

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Part 3. Exercise 1: Read Wendy's letter and fill in the gaps with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets. Hi! My name (be)Wendy Hopkins. I (be) from the Scotland. I (be)Scottish. I (be)16 years old. I to school. (go) My favorite subjects_ (be)Literature, English and French. My favorite sport_ (be) tennis. I name with my family. (live) I (be)Paul Hopkins. He a newspaper. (work) He a mother, a father and a sister. (have got) My father's (be)50 years old. He (be)a journalist. He hard. (work) He back home late in the evening. (come) My mother's name_ (be)Lilly Hopkins. She_ (be)46 years old. She_ (be)a teacher. She in a school. (work) She_ English. (teach) She_ hard. (work) My sister's name_ (be)Angela Hopkins. She_ (be)a student. She at University. (study) She (study) Her favorite sport_ (be)tennis, too. Our family. At weekends we and (be)big and friendly. In the evenings we walking. (go) Sometimes we TV together. (stay, watch) Hope to hear from (be)20 years old. She_ hard. (work) She you soon. Best wishes, Biology. (be) at home at weekends Wendy in dinner together. (have)

วิชาภาษาอังกฤษ Past and Past Perfect Tense ใครพอจะรู้คำตอบ หรือมีเฉลย รบกวนด้วยนะคะ ขอบคุณค่ะ😭

B1 Past and Past Perfect Tense Fill in the correct form of the verb in brackets: Past or Past Perfect Tense /Simple or Progressive) 1. After I the letter, I the wrong address on it. (POST, REALISE, WRITE) 2. John asked me where I 3. At this time yesterday, we 4. When I the magnificent time I 5. It was the first time that she 6. As soon as the maid working in the garden. (FINISH, START) (ALREADY MAKE, RISE) 9. We 10. When I 7. We started to worry about Jimmy because we (CALL) 8. They (ARRIVE, LEAVE) 13.1 14. We 11. While I in the garden it off the oven. (WORK, STRIKE, NOT TURN) 12.1 18. We (NOT GO, CANCEL) the day before. (BE) through the streets of Madrid, I that I about there as a student. (WALK, THINK, SPEND) me to dinner. (INVITE) scrubbing the kitchen floor, she California. (WATCH, HIT) 15. The police told me that someone 16. When I finally. for half an hour. (ARRIVE, WAIT) 17. Patricia their way out of town before the sun for 6 km. (ALREADY WALK) for two hours when we finally got to our hotel. (DRIVE) home, I saw that the children. my best friend to the party, but he couldn't come because he other plans. (INVITE, ALREADY MAKE) out of the window because I some noises. (LOOK, THINK, HEAR) TV when we saw that a devastating earthquake. a job. (STUDY, QUIT, GET) TO28 him all afternoon. me that I English for three years when she to China because our flight at the airport, he told me that he into our neighbour's house. (BREAK) and on short notice.

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1b 1 Vocabulary practice Character ► Reading a. What type of texts are A and B? What do you think they are about? b. Read the texts. Which advert: 1 wants actors to advertise something? 2 asks people to apply by email? 3 only wants three people? 4 wants only male actors? c. Underline the character adjectives in the adverts. Use them to answer the questions. What do we call a person who... 1 has good manners? 2 likes to hurt or upset people? shows understanding of other people's needs? 3 4 is very proud of their looks? 5 expects good things to happen? 6 cares only about himself/ herself? 7 doesn't get upset or angry? 8 gives more than is usual? STUDYSKILLS Remembering New Words: Opposites Learn words in pairs of opposites. This will help you remember them more easily. A Actors wanted for new film "Bad Guys'. Location: Brooklyn Audition date: 14th September B Send pictures and CVs to: Michael Glover, Chimera Filmworks Inc. email: m.glover@chimera.co.nyc Characters: Sean - 25-30, dark complexion, tall, medium build, good-looking, cruel and greedy 4 Stacy - 30-36, pale complexion, medium height, slim, average looks, vain and selfish Laura - 26-32, fair complexion, short, average build, pretty, optimistic, caring, sensitive and honest CASTING CALL FOR TV COMMERCIAL Location: Creative Edge Studios, Los Angeles Seeking: Three male actors • Jack: handsome, blond hair, blue eyes, aged 18-23; friendly, patient, polite • Buddy: good-looking, dark curly hair, moustache, in early twenties; friendly, generous, easy-going • Delivery Guy: tall, strong build, in late twenties; impatient, bossy, rude Also seeking: male and female extras, aged 16-18 Actual shooting date is Sunday, 28th September Please call Dawn Reed with any questions 703-478-0880 Speaking 3 In pairs, use character adjectives to talk about people you know. A: Have you met our new neighbour? B: No, I haven't. What's he like? A: He's very friendly and polite! Appearance Which words in the adverts (A & B) describe appearance/ height/build?

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4G - 14:15 น. ← Screenshot_20230... Reading-Comprehen... Q Volcanoes Read the passage below and answer the questions on the next page. 4G 54 Volcanoes are geological formations that are created due to the movement of magma and gas from the Earth's mantle and core to its surface. The Earth's crust is made up of several large tectonic plates that are in constant motion, and when these plates collide, magma is forced to the surface, resulting in volcanic eruptions. Games4esl Volcanoes can be found all over the world and are often located in areas where tectonic plates converge, such as the Pacific Ring of Fire. Volcanoes can be classified into three main types: shield volcanoes, stratovolcanoes, and cinder cone volcanoes. Shield volcanoes are formed by repeated eruptions of fluid lava flows, which are thin and runny due to low viscosity. As the lava spreads out, it forms a wide, gently sloping mountain. Stratovolcanoes are steep, cone-shaped mountains that are formed by layers of ash, lava, and other volcanic debris. They are typically the result of explosive eruptions. Cinder cone volcanoes are small, steep-sided cones that are formed from a single vent and have a circular crater at the top. They are usually created by explosive eruptions that produce a lot of ash and cinders. |||| Volcanic eruptions can be very destructive and can cause damage to both the natural environment and human infrastructure. They can cause ash clouds that can travel for miles and disrupt air travel, as well as pyroclastic flows, which are fast-moving clouds of hot gas, ash, and rock that can be deadly. In addition to causing destruction, volcanic eruptions can also be beneficial, as they can create new land, enrich soil with minerals and nutrients, and provide sources of geothermal energy. 3 Scientists study volcanoes in order to better understand their behavior and predict when eruptions might occur. They use instruments such as seismometers, gas sensors, and satellite imagery to monitor the activity of volcanoes and track changes in their behavior. This information can be used to create early warning systems that can help protect people and communities from the effects of volcanic eruptions. www.Games4esl.com