Question

ゲスト

推薦でこのような英語長文が出てきます。
何か良い対策はありますか？
問題としてはほとんど和訳です。
基礎英文問題精講はもってるのですがそれで良いでしょうか？
基礎英文問題精講で大丈夫なら良い勉強方法も教えて頂きたいです！(使い勝手がよく分かっていないので…)

英語

1 次の英文を読み. 下記の設問に答えなさい。

One of the great debates in Western civilization is whether humans are born cooperative and helpful
and society later “corrupts them (eg Rousseau), or whether they are born selfsh and unhelpful and
society teaches them better (e.g., Hobbes). As with all great debates, both arguments undoubtedly have
some truth on their side. Here 1 defend a thesis that mainly sides with Rousseau's take on things, but
which adds some critical complexities. T will call this thesis。 "3n deference to two of this books
contributors, the Early Spelke, Later Dweck hypothesis. Specially,Twill argue and present evidence that
from around their frst birthdays 一 when they first begin to walk and talk and become truly cultural
beings 一 human children are already cooperative and helpful in many, though obyiously not all,
situations. And they do not learn this from adults:itcomes naturally. (Thatis the Spelke part.) But later
in "ontogeny, children'e relatively "indiscriminate cooperativeness becomes modied by such influences
as their judgments of likely *'reciprocity and their concern for how others in the group judge them, which
are involved in the evolution of human's natural cooperativeness in the frst place. And gey begin to
1earm many culturally specific social norms for how we do things, how one ought to do things if one isto
be a member of this group. (That is Dweck part)

 

 

 

U出上 Tomasehor MihacL Carol Dweck。 Joan Sik_ Brian Skrmsand Ehzabeth S_ Spelke。 Why We Cooperare。 etcerpt nom pages
4. (9 2009 Miaswechuwetes Institute or'Twhnolomsr by permissisn oFThe AITT Peas]

注: Weorrupt 「ーを限章きせる」          "33m deferenoe to 「一に著意を払って」 “Jontogeny 「個人の発信遂程」
indiacriminate「分け剛てのない」      Preciprodity 「お古いの助け合い

間1 下線部(1)の論争とはどのような立場の間の論争なのか 本文に従って日本語で答えなさい。

 

立場1                                                                   |

 

 

 

立場2                                                                                                |

 

問2 筆者は. 誰の意見を最も明確に支持することを表明しているのか。
その人物名を本文中から抜き出し. 解答欄に書きなさい。
間3 eyが何を指すのかを明らかにし, 下線部 2) を日本語に訳しなさい。

HI 次の英文を読み. 下記の設問に日本語で答えなさい。

1magine being able to sleep with one eye open, and half your brain awake. Recent research confirme
that dolphins and whales do 一a phenomenon known as 。,unihemispheric slee.

Researchers theorize that some animals have developed this ability to help them detect approaching
predators or to periodically rise to the surface to breathe and monitor wave patterns, which keeps them
from dmowning.

While humans do not practice unihemispheric sleep, it is "iconceivable that particular regions of the
human brain stay awake while others sleep, or that the intensity of sleep may vary across difierent brain
regions, says Niels C. Rattenborg, PhD, of the University of Wisconsin, who has studied a similar
phenomenon in birds。

The fnding is important, he says because it shows that at least in some animals, "sleep and
akefulness can be independently controlled within different regions of the brain according to changing
ecological demands"

【出内 : Ballie, R 2001.Animal aleep studies oHfer hope for humanw: A genetic link for narcolepsy。 sleeping with one eye open and fear
onditioning are all investigated in animal research. Retrieved from http2wwwraporgmonitoroct01/animalslecp_aspx (一痢必要)]

注: *1conceivable「 (一ということがり考えられる」
間1 下線部 unihemispheric sleep とはどのような降りかを本文に従って説明しなさい。
間2 なぜイルカやヤクジラがunihemispheric sleep を行うのかについての仮説を本文を読んで2つ挙げなさい。

 

仮説1

 

仮説2

 

 

 

 

問3 下線部 The fnding is important と述べているが、なぜそう なのかを本文に従って説明しなさい。
ーー

英語

] 次の英文を読み, 下記の設問に日本語で答えなさい。

"The giant panda a black-and-white bear, has a body typical of bears. It has black fur on its ears, eye patches,
muzzle"! legs, and shoulders. The rest ofthe animal's coat is white. Although scientists do not know why these
unusual bears are black and white, some speculate that the bold coloring provides effective camoufiage. In
patches of dense bamboo"% an immobile giant panda is nearly invisible and virtually disappears among snow
covered rocky outcrops** on a mountain slope. This theory does not work, howewer, when considering that giant
pandas have no patural enemies to hide from. Another thought is that the pattern may accentuate** social signals
in some way, or help giant pandas to identify one another from a distance so they can avoid socializing, as they are
typically a solitary*% animal. Another theory suggests that the black absorbs heat while the white reflects i
helping giant pandas maintain an even temperature. Unfortunately, there is no one conclusive theory
as towhy giant pandas are black and white.

【則内 : Smithsonimn's National Zoo を Conservation Biology Institute_ Giant Panda: Pact sheet. Retrieved August 25. 2017 from https/
matonalzoo sedwanimalygnant-panda (部抜幹)」

muzzle「條づら」           "patch(es) of dense bamboo「ササの寄集地     hocky outcrop(G) 「岩必の和出部分
"accentuate 「日立たせる」      "Veohitary「単独行動する。

 

問1 下線部の理由としていくつの仮説が提示されていますか。その数を答えなさい。

回2 間1で答えた仮説のうち. 最初に提示されている仮説の内容を本文に沿ってできるだけ詳しく答えなさい。

間3 問2で答えた仮説の安当性について. 示されている見解の内容を本文に治ってできるだけ謗しく答えなさい。
間4 間1で答えた仮説のうち. 最後に提示されている仮説の内容を本文に治ってできるだけ詳しく答えなさい。

 

次の英文を読み, 下記の設問に日      答えなさい。

Until now, scientists didmt know that the canines*! understand both our words and the tone in which we say
them. Itdoesnt take a scientifc study for dog owners to believe that their pets know what they're saying. But is
not always clear exactly what Fido** is paying attention to.When we say ^Good dog『' dogs hear both the words
we say and how we say them, new brain scans show. For people. both the word and intonation are
important, but no one knew 一 until now 一 whether that was also the case for dogs.

Tn a study pubhished August 29 in Science scientists found the canine brain also processes the information in a
similar way as humans. Study leader and dog lover Attila Andics started studying canines as a way to
nderstand how the mammalian*3 brain processes Ianguage. The rst step was not an easy one: Training dogs to
remain absolutely still in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (IMRD** scanner. It took several months
for dog trainers to work the      nm 18      that live in    4

1n 2014, Andics and colleagues showed how the brains of the same 18 dogs respond to various wocalizations。
jike grunts* barks, whines*6,and shouts from both people and other dogw. Happy and fearful sounds
activated similar brain areas in both species, their study found. Speech。 however, was different. "Theres
nothing in nature that's as complex as human speech" said Sophie Scott, a neuroscientist at University College
London.

So with the same group of 18 dogs。 Andic and colleagues played recordings of their owners talking in four
different ways: Apraising word (such as the Hungarian word for *clever'or that's iP in a praising tone. a neutral
ord in a neutral tone, a praising word in a neutral tone, and a neutral word in a praising tone. His neuroimaging
results showed that the left hemisphere of the dogs brains responded to the word itselt and that their
right hemisphere responded to intonation。 However, it took both a praise word and a praising tone to
activate the dog's reward center*7. In other words. your pet knows when youire praising them and you actually
mean it

"For some dogs praise might be enough to get them to do what you want. In this study we treated our dogs
jike happy volunteers who wanted to please us" Andics said. The key to good dog behavior, then is letting your
pet know that they really are a good dog.

(HH典: Your Dog Knows Exactiy What Yowre Saying by Carrie Armcld. National Geographic Creative. January 2016 一
注: "lcanine) 「イメ (料の動物)」    *3Pido 「ファイドー」よく使われる大の名前

mammalian 「晴乳類の」         **uncional magnetic resonance imaging 「機換気共下像法」
"Sgrunt)「哨る声」                   twhine(e) 「毅れっぱい声」                 *"reward center 所中板」

                                                

 

則1 下線部を"their magic" の内容を明らかにしながら. 日本語に訳しなさい。
間2 研究者たちが行った最新の研究の方法について. 以下の空欄に当てはまる言葉を答えなさい。

 

 

 

(            )の声を. 2 種類の(               )と2種類の(            ) を組み合わ
せた計(      )種類の方法で録音し. イヌに関かせる。(                       ) を用いて.
イヌの(           ) の状態(活動) を計調する。

 

間3 研究者たちが行った研究の結果を 80字以内でまとめなさい。

英語

1 次の英文を読み 下記の設問に日本語で答えなさい。なお. 文章のにある1一5はパラグラフの番号を表して
いる。

1 Could a salty diet "ikeep “Hmigraines at bay? People who eat a lot of salt roport having fewer migraines
and severe headaches 一 the first ewidence that dietary “odium may affect the condition. But the
yesearchers caution that more evidence is needed before people change their dietsgiven that high salt
consumption js linked to heart disease and stroke。

2. There is growing evidence linking migraines with sodium。 During a migraine, levels of sodium have been
found to rise in “cerebrospinal fluid。 the liquid that bathes the brain and “*%central nervous system. And
sodium levels in this liquid seen to peak during the times of day when people commonly report experiencing
migraines。

3. Plenty of sodium gets into our bodies vis the food we eat. "Tstarted to wonder iY migraines could be
afected by diet" says Michael Harrington at Huntington Medical Research Tnstitutes in Pasadena, Caliform
To find out。 he and his colleagues turned to the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey, a US
survey of the health and diets of tens of thousands of people. Among other things, the survey asks respondents
to list everything they conwume over a 24-hour period, and whether they experienced a severe headache or
migraine during that time。

4. Of 8.819 adulte surveyed between 1999 and 2004. the team found that those with the highest levels of
sodium in their diets 一 in products tike meat。 cheese and bread as well as table salt 一 reported the fewest
severe headaches and migrainew

5. Harrington ways hes surprised by the results as they are “Yeounterintuitive. Given that sodium ions are
known to activate neurons, we might have expected the relationship to go in the other direction。 High sodium
1ewels generally make neurons more "7excitable, so the idea that they in some way inhibit or prevent migraine
activity is puzzling. "1 think people with migraine handle sodium differently" says Harrington.

 

  

  

【出真] Does eating more salt prewent migraines and severe headaches? by Jessica Hamzelou。 New Scientist。 15 August。 2016 (①
2016 Reed Business Information・ UK_ Al ights reserved. Distributed by Tbune Content Agency: (抜粋、一部改変)

 

ikeep… atbay「…を寄せ付けない」    *5migraines 「偏頭痛 (頭痛)」          *3sodium「ナトリウム」
*icerebrospinal fiuid「脳春全液」       **central nervous system「中枢神経系」
*"counterintuitive「直観に反した」      "excitable 「興礁しやすい」

間1 第2%パラグラフで述べられているナトリウムと師頭痛の関係を説明しなさい。
間2 第8パラグラフを読んで Michael Harrington のチームが研究を始めた動機を書きなさい。
間3 研究者が第5パラグラフの下線部のように述べたのはどうしてですか。詳しく答えなきい。

邊. 決の英文を読み. 下記の設問に日本語で答えなさい。なお. 文章の左にある1一6はパラグラフの番号を表して
いる。

1 When we were children the summer holidays seemed to last forever, and the wait between Christmases
falt like an "eternity. So why is that when we get older the time just seeme to "2zip by, with wecks。 months
and entire seasons disappearing from a “3blurred calendar at "dizzying speed?

2. The apparent reduction of the length of a fixed period as we age suggests a “%%ogarithmic scale to time.
Logarithmic scales are used instead of traditionall linear scales when measuring earthquakes or sound. The
same ie true of time.

3. 。We perceive a period of time as the proportion of time we have already lived through. To a tworyearold,
ayear is half of their ife, which is why it seems such an extraordinary long period of ime to wait between
birthdays when you are young.

4 Toa tenryear.oId,a year is only 10 percent of their life。 (making for a slightly more tolerable waiO, and to a
20.yearold it is only 5 percent。On the logarithmic scale. for a 20-yearrold to experience the same proportional
incrense in age that a tworyear-old cxperiences between birthdays. they would hawe to wait until they turned
30. Given this view point iC not surprising that time appears to accelerate as we grow older

5. We commonly think of our lives in terms of decades 一 our 20s, our 80s and so on 一 which suggeste an
equal weight to each period。 However, on the logarithmic scale, we perceive different periods of time as the
same length。 The following differences in age would be perceived the same under this theory: 5 to 10, 10 to 20,
20to 40and 40o80.

6. 1dont wish to end on a 。depressing **note. but the fsve-year period you experienced between the ages of
five and ten could feel just as long aw the period between the ages of 40 and 80. So get busy. Time fhies,
whether yowre having fun or not。 And iPs ying faster and faster every day。

 

 

 

 

 

[昌典] Why time seems to go by more quickly as we ge older by Why time seema to go by more quickiy as we get older The
Converation, August 10. 2016 (抜粋、一部改変)

注 "eternity 「永吉                 "zip by 「音を立てて飛んでいく」     “blurred「ぼやけた」
Yidizzying 「めまいがするような      “logarithmic scale「対数尺度」        *Snote「雰囲気, 礁き」

間1 第8パラグラフの下線部① を和訳しなさい。

間2 logarithmic scale で, 人は時間の長きをどの様にとらえますか。第 5パラグラフを読んで, 例を人人れながら説明
しなさい。

間3 第6パラグラフの下緑部 ④ の depressing note は大体的に何を指しますか。