Question

文系入った高二（数学教員志望）

投げやりです。すいません。英語皆無なので代行してください。

【必答問題
5 日常使う物のデザインをする際には標準化 (standardization) という方法がある。
という内容に続く次の英文を読んで、あとの問いに答えよ。(配点44)
If we examine the history of advances in all technological fields, we see that some
improvements come naturally through the technology itself, while others come through
standardization. The early history of the automobile is a good example. The first cars
were very difficult to operate. They required strength and skill beyond the abilities of
many. Some problems were solved through automation. Other aspects of cars and
driving were standardized through the long process of international standards
committees:
. On which side of the road to drive (constant within
countries)
country, but variable across
On which side f the car the driver sits (depends upon which side of the road the
car is driven)
-The (2) of essential components: steering wheel, brake, clutch, and accelerator
(the same, whether on the left- or right-hand side of the car)
Standardization is one type of cultural constraint. With standardization, once you
have learned to drive one car, you feel confident that you can drive any car, anyplace in the
world. Standardization provides a major breakthrough in usability.
I have enough friends on national and international standards committees to realize that
the process f determining an internationally accepted standard is laborious. Even when all
members agree on the merits of standardization, the task of selecting standards becomes a
long, political issue. A small company can standardize its products without too much
difficulty, but it is much more difficult for an industrial, national, or international body to
agree to standards. There even exists a standardized procedure for establishing
national and international standards.
organizations works on standards.
First, a set of national and international
Then when a new standard is proposed, it
must work its way through each organization's approval process.
Standards are usually the result of a *compromise among the various competing
positions, which can often be an inferior compromise. Sometimes the answer is to agree
on (4 ). Look at the existence I both metric and *English units; of left-hand- and
18
right-hand-drive automobiles. There are several international standards for the *voltages
and *frequencies of electricity, and several different kinds of electrical plugs and sockets-
which cannot interchanged.
With all these difficulties and with the continual advances in technology, are
standards really necessary? Yes, they are. Take the everyday, clock. It's standardized.
Consider how much trouble you would have telling time with a backward clock, where
the hands revolved "counterclockwise." A few such clocks exist, primarily as humorous
conversation pieces. When a clock truly violates standards, such as (the one in Figure 1,
it is difficult to determine what time is being displayed. Why? The logic behind the
time display is identical to that of conventional clocks: there are only two differences -
the hands move in the opposite direction (counterclockwise) and the location of "12,"
usually at the top, has been moved. This clock is just as logical as the standard one. It.
bothers us because we have standardized on a different scheme, on the very definition
of the term clockwise. Without such standardization, clock reading would be more
difficult: you'd always have to figure out the "mapping.
E) compromise
*metric メートル法の
*English units イギリスの計量法(ヤードボンド法)
*frequencies of electricity 電気の周波数
voltages E
*mapping 対応づけ (2つのものの間の関係を意味する専門用語)
問1 下線部(1)の内容を、 同じ段落の自動車の例に基づいて30字以内の日本語で答えよ。た
だし、句読点も字数に数える。
問2 本文中の空所 (2) に入る語として最も適当なものを、次のア~エのうちから一つ
選び 記号で答えよ。
7 color
イ
location
ウ price
I sight
(239)
問3 第2パラグラフ (Standardization is one type of ...) について 次の Question に対す
る Answer となるように、空所に入れるのに最も適当なものを,次のア~エのうちから一
つ選び、 記号で答えよ。
Question: What is "a major breakthrough in usability" provided by standardization?
Answer
Because of standardization, you (
device of the same kind all over the world.
7 can apply what you have learned to
イ
can make
cannot produce
I cannot use what you have learned when using
問7 下線部(5)が表す図 (Figure 1)として最も適当なものを、次のア~エのうちから一つ選
び記号で答えよ。
11
12
1
12
) any machine or
10
2
10%
9
3
1
5
6
問4 下線部(3)の示す内容を, 40字程度の日本語で答えよ。 ただし, 句読点も字数に数える。
ウ
11
6
1
問5 次の文を第3パラグラフ (Ihave enough friends...) に入れるとき,本文中の①~
のうちのどの位置に入れるのが最も適当か、 次のア~エのうちから一つ選び, 記号
で答えよ。
9
3
Each step is complex, for if there are three ways of doing something, then there are
sure to be strong proponents of each of the three ways, plus people who will argue
that it is too early to standardize.
70
問8 最終パラグラフ (With all these difficulties...) の内容をもとに, 次の Question に2
語程度の英語一文で答えよ。
Question: According to the writer, why is the standardization of the everyday clo
necessary?
イ
2
ウ
H O
問6 本文中の空所 (4) に入れるのに最も適当なものを、次のア~エのうちから一つ選び
記号で答えよ。
7 a single standard
1 several different standards
ウ
the same standard
I too few standards
<<-20->
<-21->

(5
【必答問
4 次の英文を読んで、あとの問いに答えよ。 (配点 44
While traveling on a road trip across the States a couple years ago, my friends Ty,
Chris, and I ended up staying at a hotel that had two beautiful double beds in private
rooms, and one thin piece of felt spread over a hard metal frame in the middle of the
common area. Clearly, there were two good places to sleep and a pull-out bed that m
with a free Day Full of Back Pain at no extra charge. So we stood to the front hallway
and surveyed the situation, bage in hand, stern looks on our faces. We knew decisions
needed to be made, and quick. After sleeping in basements and on motel floors for
week, we all finally had a chance of getting a good night's sleep. We had to settle it
Well, first of all, we ended up giving Chris one of the rooms, since he actually found
the place and we were driving his ear. It was a gift and Chris took it immediately,
without a word, leaving Ty and me to fight over the remaining room. Well, we were
through being nice guys. We both wanted that room bad. So we agreed to settle it the
only way we knew how-with a long, "best-of-seven Rock-Paper-Scissors war.
And so it began. I opened with rock, soundly shattering Ty's weak scissors. Ty then
countered with scissors again, falling once more to my strong rock. Then Ty switched
gears to paper, but I was ready, this time employing his very own scissors to slice him to
bits. Down 3-0 in a flash, Ty called for a quick pause. "I need to think," he said. And
I'll never forget it. He looked me in the eye for a moment, "squinted a bit, laughed, and
then said, "All right, I'm ready." The next three rounds were a nightmare-his paper
covered my rock, his scissors cut my paper, there was a draw, and then he completed the
comeback with a fateful attack of my once-strong rock with his murderous sheet of
paper.
He quickly tied it up with that move, and so it all came down to the final toss.
"And a one, two, three !"
Ty took it with a quick slice of the scissors.
I was left holding my open palm in my hands, wondering why I didn't go back to my
faithful old rock. I could have shattered his scissors to pieces, and I would have, too. I
should have, too. But it never happened.
Ty retreated gleefully to the private bedroom, slamming the door shut hard,
-14-
sealing my unbelievable loss with a brain-piercing bang. And so it was. Of course, I
couldn't sleep that night. And it wasn't just because of the way I went down.
But I can't blame the game. No, Rock-Paper-Scissors was there, settling an
undebatable debate. It answers our big question, shutting the lid, closing the door,
sealing the deal. You can't argue with Rock Paper Scissors. When it's over, it's really
over. Sure, you can beg for another chance, but the winner never needs to give in.
They played by the roles and they won.
Rock-Paper-Scissors helps you decide between pepperoni or sange, the freeway or
the back roads. It answers (±) that free as up. Who showers first? Who's paying
for pixes 7 Who gets to change the baby's disper
These are all tough questions. And they are all ently settled with a quick game of
Rock-Paper-Scissors. But if you do enter the arena, then tar my vice
Just go for two out of three
注) "best-of-seven 7番勝負の
"int-S
<<-15->
(239)
TyとChris と筆者が泊まったホテルの部屋の様子として正しい図を, 次の1~4のう
ちから一つ選び、番号で答えよ。
問3 次のQuestion に対する Answer となるように、空所に入れるのに
補え。
Question: Why was Chris given one of the rooms with a double bed?
Answer It was because (
問4 第3場面 (And so
it ...)の最終戦直前までの内容を左から順に表した次の表の
①①に入る適当な組み合わせを、下の1~4のうちから一つ選び、番号で答え
rock 0 scissors rock paper
1
Ty
2
3
4
scissors scissors 2
paper-paper-rock-rock
paper-scissors-paper-paper
rock-paper-paper-scissors
rock-rock-scissors-rock
問5 下線部(イ)が示す内容を、 具体的に次のようにまとめるとき、空所(①)~(③)
適当な日本語を補え。
最後の対戦で筆者が ( ① )ではなく(②)を出して、
相手の出した (
).
問6 下線部(ウ)の内容を40字以上50字以内の日本語で説明せよ。ただし、句読点字数
に数える。
問2 下線部(ア)のこの文脈における内容として最も適当なものを、次の1~4のうちから
つ選び、番号で答えよ。
1 decide where we would park our car
2 decide where we would sleep
3 decide who would pay the extra charge
4
decide who would stay in the hotel
-16->
7 本文中の空所(エ)に入れるのに最も適当なものを、次の1~4のうちから一つ選
び、番号で答えよ。
1 the cold meal ingredients
2 the difficult car problema
3 the little daily decisions
4 the serious money problems
問8 下線部(オ)のこの文脈における内容として最も適当なものを、次の1~4のうちから一
つ選び、番号で答えよ。
1 go to the concert of a famous musician
2 make the rules for Rock-Paper-Scissors
3 play Rock-Paper-Scissors
4 play sports in an arena

【
問題】
5 次の英文を読んで あとの問いに答えよ。 (配点 41)
In the 1970s, the noted paychologist Harry Bahrick conducted a landmark study
that will interest anyone who has recently attended a class reunion or plans to.
Bahrick and his colleagues asked hundreds of former high school students to look back
at their *yearbooks and see whether they could remember the faces of their classmates.
What they discovered in proof of the power of human memory. For decades after
graduation the memory of former studente for the faces of their classmates was nearly
undamaged. Even after nearly half a century had passed, the former students could
still recognize seventy-three percent of faces of their classmates.
But when
it came to names, Babrick found, memories were much worse; after
nearly fifty years the former students could remember only eighteen percent of their
classmates' names. Names, for whatever reason, do not stick very well in our
memories, or they stick only partway, causing us to call our brother-in-law Bob, Rob, or
to mistake the author Ernest Hemingway for the actor Ernest Borgnine.
answer
Why should we remember faces, but not the names that go with them? Part of the
that when it comes to memory, meaning is king. Our long-term memory,
even for things we've seen thousands of times, is limited. It is primarily semantic,
which means that in most daily instances of remembering what we must recall is
meaning, not surface details. Take the common *penny, for instance. How well do you
think you can remember its features ? In a well-known test, two researchers, Raymond
Nickerson and Marilyn Adams, asked just such a question. The answer they got
surprised them and may surprise you.
In the test, Nickerson and
Adams asked twenty people to do something that sounds
really easy: from memory, draw the front and back of a penny. After the drawings were
done, Nickerson and Adams graded them to determine how accurately the participants
had drawn eight critical features, like the placement of Lincoln's profile on the front of
the coin and the placement of the Lincoln Memorial on the back.
The results were [A].
Of the twenty people tested, only one-anavid penny collector
accurately recalled
and located all eight features. Of the eight features, the average number recalled and
20-
located correctly was just three. Interestingly, the most frequently forgotten feature
was the word "LIBERTY, which appears on the front of the coin, to the left of
Lincoln's
profile.
The findings from the penny-drawing test were Benough that Nickerson and
Adams conducted a series follow-up tests to try to confirm what was going on here.
Among other things, they wondered: If people couldn't recall exactly what a penny looks
like, would they least be able to tell the real thing from a fake?
To find out, they showed a new group of people fifteen drawings of the heads side of
a periny. Only one of the drawings was accurate; the rest were not. The participants'
job was to pick the right one.
Again, the resulte were disappointing. C than half of the people in the study
picked the right one.
You might be tempted to think that these poor results may be due to some
especially American trait. But this appears not to be so. A following test in Britain,
using images of British coins, produced even poorer results. "It turned out that recall of
the design of British pennies was, if anything, even worse than that of U.S. pennies,"
concluded the study's author.
semantic意味に関する
*yearbook=卒業アルバム
注) *colleague 同僚
*penny1セント硬貨(アメリカ合衆国)、 ペニー硬貨(英国)
*avid熱心な
1. 下線部(ア)について具体的に説明した。 次の文の空所 ( ) ( )に適当な
日本語を補い、文を完成せよ。 ただし, は名詞1話 は数字でよい。
(
①
も経った後も, (
②
(③)については、( ) %しか思い出せなかった。
)を判別できたが、
問2 下線部(イ)とはどういうことか。 次の空所に40字程度の日本語を補い、文を完成せよ。
ただし読点も字数に数える。
日常的に何かを思い出すとき (
- 21
).
241 1
212
3 Nickerson Adams は1セント硬貨の絵を描かせる実験を行った。 その実験で見られ
た最も多い誤りのパターンを含む絵を、次の1~4のうちから一つ選び、番号で答えよ。
1
LIBERTYLUS
3
GOD WE
G
TRUE
1970
2
UBERTY GUY
LIBERTY
4 次のQuestion に対する Answer となるように, 空所に入れるのに適当な内容を英語で
揃え。
Question What did Nickerson and Adams want to confirm in their follow-up tests ?
Answer They wanted to confirm if (
).
5 本文のA~C に入る適当な語の組み合わせを, 次の1~4のうちから一つ選
び, 番号で答えよ。
1
terrible
B boring
CMore
2 terrible
B surprising
CFewer
3 Awonderful
B boring
Fewer
© More
4 Awonderful B surprising
実験について、下のようにまとめたい。空所(①)~ ( ① )に適当な日
本語を補い、文を完成せよ。
Nickerson と Adams による硬の実験結果は ( ① )人特有のものによる
6
かのように思われるかもしれないが (
②
でも同様の実験をしてみると
(
ということがわかった。
22-
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