Present Perfect Continuous

9 Present Perfect Continuous (I've been cooking) 3 Here are some more examples: 1 We form the Present Perfect Continuous in this way: POSITIVE I/you/we/they have/'ve He/she/it been cooking. has/'s S NEGATIVE 1/you/we/they haven't He/she/it hasn't QUESTIONS Have 1/you/we/they he/she/it Has been cooking. }been cooking? (For details about -ing forms see Table C, on page 95.) 2 We use the Present Perfect Continuous for an action or situation that began in the past and continues until now: You're late! I've been waiting for you. We often use for and since with the Present Perfect Continuous. We use for with a period of time, and since with a point in time: I've been waiting for you for two hours. I've been waiting for you since 6 o'clock. PAST NOW Julia has been talking on the phone for an hour. (= She started talking on the phone an hour ago and she is still talking.) You've been sitting there since I o'clock. (= You started sitting there at one o'clock and you are still sitting there.) 4 We use the Present Perfect Continuous for actions that are done many times in a period. of time from the past until now: She's been having driving lessons for a couple of months. (= She started a couple. of months ago; she is still having lessons.) I've been playing tennis since I was a small child. 5 We can use How long with the Present Perfect Continuous: How long have you been living here? Practice A Write a sentence for each of the following situations, using the Present Perfect Continuous and for or since. 0 She started her course a month ago and she is still doing it. She has been doing her course for a month. 0 I started reading this novel last weekend and I'm still reading it. I have been reading this novel since last weekend. 1 It started raining at 3 o'clock and it is still raining. 2 He started playing chess when he was 10 and he still plays it. 3 I started work at 8 o'clock and I'm still working. 4 Helen started looking for another job two months ago and she's still looking. 5 We arrived here two hours ago and we're still waiting. B Put for or since into the gaps. 0 I've been working in this office since 1 Have you been doing this course 2 I've been driving this car 3 She has been planning the party 4 George has been telling the same stories 5 We've been waiting for a reply 6 What have you been doing. 7 You've been writing that letter 8 He's been feeling ill phone to someone all afternoon. a few days. C Complete these dialogues by putting the verbs in brackets ( ) into the Present Perfect Continuous. last summer. a long time? more than ten years. A: When did you arrive in London? B: Two weeks ago. A: Where have you been staying B: 1¹ But I am going to move to my own flat.next week. A: Hallo. What are you doing here? B: I'm waiting to see the manager. I 2 (wait) for half an hour. A: She's very busy. She 2 A: I didn't know that you could play the piano. B: Oh yes, I rain save study read make learn watch play the beginning of the month. several years. we wrote to them last week. the last time that I saw you? more than two hours. 0 She has been learning. 1 It 2 We 3 4 1 Wendy A: How long B: I started looking immediately after I lost my old job. I 6 5 We 6 The people next door. 7 I (you/stay)? (stay) with some friends in their flat. D Choose the best verb from the box to complete each sentence. Use the Present Perfect Continuous form of the verb. (talk) on the (have) piano lessons for a year. (you/look) for a job? (apply) for jobs for about six months. Spanish for six months. for hours; the roads are very wet. this game for hours. Let's stop! French at school for three years. this book for months, but I haven't finished it yet. this programme for hours. a lot of noise all day. my money for a holiday.

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Scientists know that the brain is very active READING AND WRITING 4 Read this article. Understanding Sleep when a person is sleeping. There are foน stages, or parts, of sleep. Stage 1 starts after you fall asleep. If there is a noise or a bright light, you wake up Verน easily. In Stage 2, your brain waves are very slow, and your body gets ready for deep sleep. Stage 3 is deep sleep. It's very difficulk to wake up then. Your body rests and grows 0 during this stage. Stage 4 is when you dream. Your eyes move a lot, and your brain waves are fast. This Brain waves during sleep stage of sleep is very important for your memory. After Stage 4, you wake up a little, and then Stage 1 starts again. We go through the four stages of sleep four or five times every night, so we have many dreams in one night. How much sleep do you need? The answer depends on your age. Babies should sleep 15 to 16 hours every day. Children and teenagers need nine or ten hours of sleep, but older people only need six to eight hours. If you sleep for only four hours one night, yoน may just feel tired the next day. But many nights of bad sleep can be bad for your health. People who don't get enough sleep get sick more often. And sleep is very important for learning. It's one reason why students should go to bed early! 3 Answer the questions. 1. How many stages of sleep are there? 2. When do people dream? 3. How many times do we have Stage 1 sleep each night? 4. When does your body grow? 5. How much sleep do babies need? 6. Why shoนld students sleep a lot? 7. Look at the last paragraph again. How much sleep should you get? 8. Do you get enough sleep? UNIT 6 The mind

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เกิดไรขันกังสั้งแวดล้อมyo) (งา แปลว่า ด ทับ What is happening to.the Environment? Rivers mพัยใหม่ A new study shows that 86 per สะพวณขัมแม่น้ำเทพ cent of the world's rivers have been damaged by human activity. The study was Conducted by researchers from a university in Toulouse, France. เคทะน์ They examined data on over 2,500 rivers around the world)but they did not Look at rivers in the polar regions of the Arctic and Antarctica or in deserts.)The scientists looked into changes to biodiversity over the past 200 years. They)discovered that biodiversity in over half of rivers has been seriously damaged by humans. The researchers said there were many reasons for this damage. A big reason is the introduction of new species of fish into rivers. Other reasons include polution, dams, overfishing, farming and ปลก) : อ่างๆ mราะน climate change. The researchers say the worst-hit rivers are in western Europe and North America. This is because these regions have large and rich towns and cities. The เมือที่มาฐานางเบ lead researcher said: "Rivers which have the most economic development around ่"ง them, like the Mississippi River, are the most strongly impacted." The River Thames inj London was one of the worst-affected rivers in the study. The least- impacted rivers are in Africa and Australia. The researcher said: "This is probably due to a slower rate of สูคนที่ 90 191 เสชมา ความ นนา Iณนนยฆาก industrialisation in Africa and low population density around rivers in Australia." He added that rivers in many rich nations are unrecognisable compared with how they were 200 years ago. เลวมาก เลวที่สุด / HgrSe / the Nor s t 3/ be tey / the st ดีมา ก ดที่สด Acknowledgement

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