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(1) The girl spoke to me, (smiling) kindly.
(2) (Not) [(having) prepared](現在分詞・完了形), Tom found the test very difficult.
= Because he [had not prepared](過去完了), Tom found(過去) the test very difficult.
(3) (Cooked)(過去分詞) by a famoous chef, the special menu was delicious.
= As it [was cooked](受動態) by a famoous chef, the special menu was delicious.
(4) [(Having) (lived)](現在分詞・完了形) in Paris for ten years, she knows(現在) the city very well.
= Since she [has lived](現在完了) in Paris for ten years, she knows(現在) the city very well.
(5) [(Having) (finished)](現在分詞・完了形) our work before six, we went(過去) out for dinner.
= After we [had finished](過去完了) our work before six, we went(過去) out for dinner.
(6) (Not) [(having) (heard)](現在分詞・完了形) from Nancy for a long time, I became(過去) very worried.
= Because I [had not heard](過去完了) from Nancy for a long time, I became(過去) very worried.
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