ページ1:

●Fredrich wohler.
-ฟัน โดยตนท์
ๆ
NCO
-6, 1 (บทบาท 13 )
P ชง ชา
2
sp² Avustu
SP
-
Linear
`NH₂
1995
Tetrahedral
Urea s
120 Trigonal plaxar
109.5°
HITI
1682
6
sp'
Tetrahedal
0
+
Sp² Trigonal flare
'
1P1π
++ SPLinear
2p211, bond
Sp 2 26
COC
5 3
.
OH
Position isomer x / NOH
functional group
Nucleophile (0) Codes)
OH I CN H₂O NH₂ CH₂OH
Electrophile ) (179)
H+ №02 CH3CH2 Alllz Fe Brz
Free radical connasTS:)
อร ยา ย
1 alkane c-c
9.4150959
sp > sp² >sp³
2 alkene c=c
Primary
5
3, alkyne -C=C
4 aromatic ring
haloalkane
Alcohol
OH
9 Ether &-0-
amine
aldehyde
10 Keto ne
Secondary 2°C
150010020
ENT
ม้ว
Tertiary
3°C
Quaternary 4°C
.
Geometrical
COH
ce
11 carboxylic ad
-OH (COOH)
12 Ester
-2-0-6
-oc
13
Amide
14 Nitrile
CEN
N
·Stereoisomer
90130070726 CRS
H
cis
trans
•lanov Heterolysis : e ไม่เท่ากัน (-) (0,0)
"
M BY CH3 ot
Momolysis : " in 1986 (_^) (•) radical
• Substitution-bonn
Addition
- TW10721
• Elimination - voo
Willanes was cy doalkanes
•Alkane: Cn Mantz / cycloalkane: Cuttin
H
conformation ethane
H
H
"
"
Newman
✓ 109.5' Eclipsed.
• " 0=60° Sawhorse
(Staggered)
Alkanes & cycloalkanes > yard viña Strain
tert-butyl
isopopyl
isobutyl
cis-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane
cis&trans
Cis ดานเตียน
trans
alkand cyclo
trans
Col₂
chair
.H
H
H H
Hequatorial
Haxial
H
boat
flag pore hydrogens
Dad
5. chair twist< boat chalfel

ページ2:

alkane
Halogenation: un for
bachradical: 3°> 2° > 1° > °CH 3
X27
h2orA
+ + + +
non = bovu Homolysis
Oxidation : la CO₂ π H₂O
TO
cycloalkane
Hydrogenation
A,C เปิดวง
AM
N,
H27
Ni, Pt, Pd
CH₂ CH₂CH₂ (AH6+H₂ =48)
Halogenation Bror₂
650/12 radical
hzorA
8 Pyrolysis 70,
เง
Stereochemistry
จางลง เหมือน
isomernoon.
"UU position, functional
yes
no
super impo
posable
0 0 2 n van
yes
สมเด้จวกเ
stereoisomers
on : 10 บางจาก
enantiomerss
no
diastereomers
diastereomers
RS (Absolute Configuration)
6549 priority bavocat asiat priority t
ตมเข็ม R ทวนเข็ม S
426. Stereoisomer = 2n não910. Chiral cambre
mesocompound
- chiral atom an 1
- มี นายสมมาตร (ไม่ chiral molecule)
- แทบสนิท เมื่อแปรงนานแล้ว (mirror images
balemantiomer
-opically inactive
enantiomers
-mirror image
-0802677721227
bal mirror image
-Younvldarin
-
-ไม่มีระนาบสัมมาช
A emana, optically active on sovranial
มบัติเหมือนกัน
cis,tran
- opticall inactive
os fischer Projection
512672
Chira Carbons
- tetra hedal, sp³ 1974
Chiral molecules
-ไม่มีสนานสมม
-enant lomer
optically active
(+):
140,(-) : ขัดทวนเข็ม
COOH
-11/CM3
01
H
COOH
Coom
=HOCH
CM 3
OH ขวา → D
HOH HOH OH L
D-
L-
●5161 Cracemic mixture, race mate)
Naa enantiomer 1:1
H
-ball Coptically inactive)
- (+) no S + R voodenantiomer.

ページ3:

amry
E2>SN 2
Alkyl halides
-C-X
x0FQJ
m
การเตรียม
Halogenation of alkane
66722
ที่ 4
alkane Br alkyl halide
hzorA
2 Palogenation of alkere
510 620 726010702
HX
og alkyl halide
แทนที่กัม netceophile
CH3CH2CH₂ Br
เกิด ด
"OH
CH₂ CH 2 CH ₂OH + Br
(halogen oor)
<-- base =ć
* X
CH3
Eto Nat CH₂-C=CH2
GH3
CH3-CH3
Eton, A
By
③. Inslovea grignard reagent (un)
[nu]) เกิด SN2Y
ou leaving group on
R-X
Mg
ether
R-Mg-X
H
×27
กางเกด = SN
nucleophile
HIV Hann
CH3-C=CH₂ BY
HBr
CH₂
Br H
-CH₂
ce
H
CH3
CH3
③16
LIS (ROM)
-
I.
+Ce
H
C2 BF แทน or
LOH
☑
Bock/PC / Pesce
PBr₂/HBE
Halide exchange
1 เทน X
= 1° 15 SN2
TS
Jude oph
CH 1° > 2° 73°
- Son & configuration (RS)
Masina = 5N1 - nucleophile
-
[Jalkyl halide
- machucarbocation
2°>1°>CH₂ (Antors)
-canon racemic mixture
F260026 leaving group repo
2. nucleophile fest
3.
26727
ntemedi
calucation
กลไก = E2
- แตนเดียว
“เกิดมันดd
-TS
กล้ายา
60942. & Boon
22) Halogent 2007
H
กาก = E 1
-12 carbo cation
-เกิดพิษ d
CH3
ท
Br
+ B + C2H5OH
CH₂
12601021
HC-C-
CH 30
Slow
H.C-C+
turz
H₂O
H-0
-CH3
+
CH 3
+
4-9-1
H
CH.
4
~CH 3
ตัวจากตน, B
Con, Bat Mangamban

ページ4:

isomern v cycloalkane
alkene Can
Cyclo alkene CnH₂n-2
sp² Erigon planar
"valkyne
Alkenes 4/1.5/1.6 bour anti-addition)
4/1.5/10
6600
X2 (1M21 X, X 11uu anti-addition)
เ ด้านตรงาม
ฟอ
€, 2 geometrial
CIC C.
K
Cholery & Alkene
dihydrohalogenatio
แบบE2
598625
TCA)
Ta
J
enantiomers
Bx
Br
Br
a bromonium ion
Br
Br+Br→
Hill Br
TH
alc.KOH H
->
C=C
4'
+420 +Ke
++
1.5 X 2/420 (6092X VOH bouvanti-addition)
CH3
CH3
Br
Br₂ 420
Br
OH
+
"OH
= dehydration woLng
3°>2° 1° >R-OH
---
4 OH
CH3
CASH 2504 - 2
A
943
+420
CH3
③. reduction of alkyne.
reagent: Na, NH trans-alkene
vonalkene
: H₂, Pd, caco, cis-alkene
CH3
1.6 HXTU Peroxide (boia Hux bouvanti-addition)
(H202)
MBr
M₂Or ROOR
376570726
& + H มาก
Br
400F
mitiation: a homolysi voo RooR.
ชั้น
b
Propagation: rahomdytic roo HBr
termination: un radical du Han HBr bim Br bab
(1.7) hydroboration (1072) HT'U OH buvvanti-Markovni kov)
1. B2H6
22021-04
H
OH1 ด้าน H มาก
I hydrogenetion (BMNH TUH Bouv Syn-addition)
2072139
⑥ addition (2012) (66omain) (1.1/7.2/1.3 660 Markovnikov)
14.1
HX เมนขับ
> 2°
HBror H
CH₂
+ HBr → CH₂-
-bfied carbocation.
1.2 M₂SO4
(เต็ม H กับ OSD,H
+MSO
1.3420
-CH3
+Br CH-CH3
Oxidation
20013
1/3
งานดี่ยวกัน
Cols Ptor Ni or Pd
Ozonolysis
C=C → C=O
1.037
2. Zn,
6120
hydroxylation (12) 04 04 11 Syn-addition)
10INHAJOH
Ho
Hit
KMnog
Cold
HO
1211 OH

ページ5:

Alkyne and Diene
alkyne CnH₂n-2 isomerrio cy (balkene 112R diene
cycle alkyne Cyllen
bo
terminal alkyne: Holoca65125721)
กรเตรียม alkyne
(3
1.1 Vicinal dihalide : ngazHX oon baw E2 2039
Oxidative clea
1 Oz
2 CH3COOH
2CH₂ CH₂-&-OH
K'
ท
R-CEC-R 4
HO
OH
alkgne
ได้
ear boylic and R-C-OH
R.
--R
Br Br
omehote
R
NaNH2/NH3
R-CEC-R
1.2 Geminal dihalide : 10572HK 920 E2 200
Br H
C-R
Na NH₂
/NH3
R-CEC-R
By H
an alkylation vos acetylide lon
alkyne
NH 3
ก.ตม
addition
CH₂C=CCH₂CH₂ NaBY
⑲T Halogenation : Imal X
2602721 201³ tetrahali de
LD
CH3CH2C=CH
Brg
CH3CH₂
CH....
Bra
·CH3CH2C.
CH
12
hydro halogenation
14x262721 20
Markonikov
HBr
20 HI√707C & Hann
anti-Markanikov
HBr 20's Bri√20
HOOH
13hydrogenation
เต็ม
H₂C-C=C-CH₂-
H₂/Nie alkane
He
Rd Calo
cis-alkene
__No/Ntly trans-alkere =
**
*
antong anoint new AVIC-
-blown b
(14) hydration : (MNH 20 W Markownikov
FRO
astelo bosh bosh
RC=CR +H₂O H₂soo
RC=CK
TO 291
**
509
Diene: Ward 2076
isolated
conjugate beveiled ameinsgio
cumulated of gribi
CH2=CH-CH=CH-CH3
H₂C=C=CH2
conjugated diene man resonance
(R)
CH2=CH-CH=CH2 CH2 CH CH=CH2 CH₂ CH=CH-CH₂
Conjugated be 57 2 p-orbital ralo464

ページ6:

alkane
homolysis munun radical
alkene heterolysis motorial carbocation...g
geometrical isomer b
1
or bromeniomion(Br₂)
balgeom
CH3
จอ บ่งต่าง
(CH₂
Priority: B
E₁z
> }
>>i>D>H
sidual conjugated dignes
E Dehydrohalogenetion 2 HX
d (C) on Br
อืด
P
Br
Hr Cons, Boon
d
P
4/c.KOM
d
B
or trans
Br-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH₂-Br
CH2=CH-CH=CH2
orcis
(27-2-Butene
90s conjugated dione E *
halogenation (X) 1892 X2
Bra
hydrohalogenation HX 1 wood Makovnikov
H1579426 C2 Bronzan
HBr
→
Ipolymerization Catalust
Diels-Alder reaction
7977112026
200°d
HTM₂, hydration
halo hydration
H₂O
Brz
Cup
halogenation
1 (BH372 hydroboration
2
Σ H₂O₂ 146- Oxidation
HBr
RODR
freemadical
1 0 3
Dzonolysis
HB
addi- Hx
2 Zn, M.20
KMnhydroxylate By,
Malogenation
(2001)
mor alkane
Cold
M₂ hydrogenation
Ni, Pt, Pd
addi-HBr

ページ7:

Thalogenation
Fex3
22
(ชิ้น)
Br
Bry
X-Cl, Br
forener()
22b622 Nitration
16H
Felly
Feb 04 Br₂ +Febr3 → Brt+ Fo Bra
-
Aromatic compounds
The = 4n+ 2 enhancekal
A
(2,6,10,14)
23-1
5+1
18
7221-1=6
b
b
non:
4
+
88
NO
Benzene C6H6
2
C-Sp²
P-orbital 4612671
ortho (0-)
meta (m-)
para (p-)
1,3-11
Nitrobenzene
ชั้น
Nitration
√267 HND +504
ชั้น1 ต
7263
M
-H MNO 3
14,504
+
-NO₂
eurole (s) re
Sulfonation
503
Br
0-dibromobenzene
192-11
Friel Crafts Alkylation seal Alkyl halides non
H
R
0 Br m-dibromobenzene Access PRIJEP
Br
In carbocution
R-41+AlCl3
Acylation R+ + Alllz
8-11
1,4-1
"
GR
A103
Br
CE aromatic
Ersunun substitution aoHoon
Rice + Allez =
+
#Alcla
Oxidation
R-C=0
-R KMnO4
-COOH
Et Colectrophile)
③Halogenation
) 01
Br
+4
X, NO 503
m2
m
Prinun H
AR
1961.
62.
[]
Reduction
L
Brz
Fe Brz
or 2n (Hg)/Hal
ortho
-R
By
-CH₂
1241 242 2
Brimun H
ทําง
+ Br.
para
·R

ページ8:

สรุป = q[kane Xalkene
q
Halogenation of
alkanes
2. Addition of HX
3 Hydration
4.Halogenation of
alkenes
H
สรุป =
CH3/
CH3
Bra
-Br
H
1 = voral kane z alkene
inter mediate
Stereohemistry
Brเข้า ได้ทั้ง2ด้าน
90s intermediate
Selectivity
3°>2°>1°>methy)
Homolysis
more
Bromination
CH3
Ny, ฟ้าได้ทั้ง 2ด้าน
CH₂
143 HBr.
+
Br
onlocation
H
H
(Syn +Anti)
roo intermediate 2 Makovnikov
Heterolysis
-CH3 H, H₂O
H
CH3
OH
H
H-
Br
Br27
+
Bromination
Bra
Br
+
5. Halo hydation
H₂O
IOH
Piem
CH3
H
6. Free-radical
addition of HB
·CH, 1) (BH₂
H
+
ICHS
2) H2O2, Hà
H
ชั้น 2 BH.เปลี่ยว
Br+
bromonium
ion
:√26112HP
(syn-addition)
07726
Anti-Addition
Syn-addition
Cloia 201726
vosalkere)
H
OH
CH3
H
Heterolyst's
Antimarkovnikov
CH3
TH
11 CH3
Hydroboration
oxidation
⑥Hydrogenation
⑨. Dihydroxylation
Chydroxylation)
Pt, Ni, Pd
TH
+
Et
Et
Et
H
CH3
MI7502974
Anti markovnikov
·CH3 HBr
radica vos intermediate
Homolysis
ROOR
-Br
H
(hvord)
CH 3
-CH3
KMnog
11104
OH
11CH3
+
(H₂O, HO)
110H
Cold
H
·Cut 3
10 ozonolysis
1) 03
CH3
'H
OH
Syn-Addition 35726
((ตั้มได้ 2 ด้าน
vwalkere)
Heterolysts
2) Zn, H₂