ページ3:

③ S+V+O 「SはOを~する」
You have a lot of opportunities to make
friends
For instance,
you
can share
your dreams
and interests with more people online.
"Friends" may overreact and block a person.
from their online group.
KOKUYO

ページ4:

④stvtoito2 「SはO」にO2を~する」
·
Moreover, social media gives you so much
information about
your
friends- their hobbies,
favorites, experiences, and so on.
However, if you communicate online, your
"friends" may give you good advice.

ページ5:

⑤ S+V+O+C「SはOをCにする」
Online communication sometimes makes.
people unhappy or sad.
⑥ There +V+S「~がある」
Today, there are many ways to connect
with other people.
KOKUYO

ページ6:

Grammar List (時制)
①現在に関する事柄を表現したいとき
a.am〔is,are〕/do「~である/~する」
International Expositions, or Expos, are
•
large
public fairs to introduce ideas for our future.
・Each country exhibits unique products and
new technologies.
現在の状態・習慣
KOKUYO

ページ7:

()
b. am 〔is, are〕 doing 「~している」
•
Today, the world is facing many problems:
poverty, wars, environmental issues, and
so on.
現在進行中の動作

ページ8:

c. have done 「~したことがある/ずっと~である」など
•
Since the first Expo in London, Expos have
showcased human progress.
Have
you
ever heard of Rwanda ?
経験、完了・結果、状態の継続(現在の状況も含む)
KOKUYO

ページ9:

d. have been doing 「ずっと~している」
However, the focus of Expos has been
changing these days.
現在までの動作の継続

ページ10:

②過去に関する事柄を表現したいとき
a. was [were〕/did 「~だった / ~した」
.
In 1867, Japan took part in its first
Expo at the Paris Exposition.
Visitors especially enjoyed ukiyoe, kimono,
and a Japanese-style house.
過去の状態・動作など
KOKUYO

ページ11:

b. was [were] doing ~Leute,
One day, when Louise was standing in line
to send a fax to Japan, a Japanese
volunteer doctor spoke to her.
過去のある時点で進行中の動作

ページ12:

C. had done 「(それまでに)~したことがあった!
.
~して(しまって)いた」など
By the closing date, over 64 million people
in total had visited it from all over the
world.
過去のある時点までの経験、完了・結果、状態の継続
KOKUYO

ページ13:

d. had been doing 「(それまで)ずっと~していた」
Tourists had been increasing every year, and
there were over 2 million visitors in 2017.
過去のある時点までの動作の継続

ページ14:

③未来に関する事柄を表現したいとき
.
a, will do 「~だろう/する」
A
So, I will be sixteen next month.
So, I will continue to share the wonders
of Japanese culture
未来のできごと
KOKUYO

ページ15:

b. be going to do「~するつもりだ」
•
I'm going to visit Broadway next summer
vacation.
前から計画していること

ページ16:

Grammar List (助動詞,態)
①可能/許可・禁止を実現したいとき
can「~できる/~してもよい」/
.
cannot 「~できない~してはいけない」
Kodan-shi can skillfully show the confidence
of a samurai or the evilness of a demon
It you are under 16 yeors old, you
choose the Goast Hotel.
cannot
KOKUYO

ページ17:

②義務を表現したいとき
must/have to/should/need to
「へしなければならない」
9
1
So, I must learn more about Japan and
the Japonese longuage.
I usually need to make adjustments for
each performance according to bring them
into my world.

ページ18:

However, if the audience is a little
shy, I have to work much harder to bring
them into
my
world.
KOKUYO

ページ19:

③過去の状態・習慣を表現したいとき
used to do 「(以前は)~だった【よく~した)」
I used to practice kodan loudly in
karaoke box so that I could master these
sounds.
a
a

ページ20:

④過去における可能を表現したいとき
could 「~できた(~する能力があった)」
One time, I couldn't
of ifu-rinzen,
express
the nuance
canの過去形
KOKUYO

ページ21:

⑤受け身を表現したいとき
a be done 「~される〔された〕」
40
One day, Nanshun attended a kodon
performance for the first time, and
was moved quite deeply.
In 2013, she was given the name Kyokudo
Nanryo [IV.
可能・許可の意味を含む

ページ22:

•
·
b. can be done 「~されることができる」
The characters can be expressed so
realistically by kodon-shi.
As we have seen, social problems can be
solved with flexible approaches like triggers.
可能・許可の意味を含む
KOKUYO

ページ23:

C. will be done 「~されるだろう」
Whether
you
succeed or not, your
life
will be enriched by challenging yourself.
未来の事柄を表す

ページ24:

Grammar List (準動詞①)
①「~すること」を表現したいとき
a. to do 「~すること/~するためのにするために」
Then, children will want to toss their
toys into the box.
1
These two examples are indirect ways to
change people's behavior.
KOKUYO

ページ25:

•
To get children to wash their hands
regularly, a toy was put inside each piece
of soap.

ページ26:

☆to do を用いたいろいろな表現
a-l seem to do 「~のようだ、~のように見える」
However, as we know from experience, signs
seem to work only some times.
⇒ it seems that signs work only sometimes
KOKUYO

ページ27:

a-2 be eager to do 「(とても)~したいと思う」
eager
to wash their hands
Children became.
because they wanted to get the toy.

ページ28:

a-3 疑問詞+to do「何を〔どこで、etc.]~すべきか」
One common approach is a sign that tells.
people what to do.
•If a single line is drown through the backs
of the file boxes, people will know where
to put them.
KOKUYO

ページ29:

•
a-4 it is~to do…することは~だ」
However, it was difficult to match volunteers'
skills with victims' needs.

ページ30:

b, doing 「~すること」
'
-
Sometimes combining things in unique
ways leads to new, flexible ideas.
How about making children put away their
toys?
KOKUYO

ページ31:

②「~している物/~された物」を表現したいとき
.
.
doing / done
There is another trigger called "The World's
Deepest Bin"
Moreover, the dota-logger on one mother
showed images of her pup following her.
名詞を修飾する

ページ32:

③「0に~させる/~してもらう」と言いたいとき
a. make [let, have〕+o+do
「〇に~させる〔~させてやる/してもらう〕」など
.
How about making children put away their toys?.
KOKUYO

ページ33:

.
b.stv+o+ to do 「0に~させる」など
For example, how can we get people to return
file boxes properly on a shelf?
How can we get people to use
instead of escalators?
stairs

ページ34:

•
Triggers encourage people to behave better
willingly..
This can motivate us to act in a different,
positive manner.
KOKUYO

ページ35:

Grammer List(文型②、準動詞②)
①主語の「状態」を説明したいとき/「へし続ける」
.
keep doing 「~し続ける」
といいたいとき
Louise keeps sharing her experiences with.
people in both Rwanda and Japon.

ページ36:

②「~する〔している/される〕のを見る〔聞く」と
a. see, hear, etc. (知覚動詞)+o+do 言いたいとき
「〇が~するのを見る〔聞く〕」
0
I saw a white cot with a red collar
cross the street in front of the station.
動作の一部始終を見た「聞いた場合
KOKUYO

ページ37:

b. see, hear, etc. (0) to + doing
「〇が~しているのを見る〔開く]」
.
a
Louise was really amazed when she saw an
elderly woman reading a newspaper.
I heard a cat crying around the mall lost night.
動作の一部を見た〔開いた]場合

ページ38:

C. see, hear, etc, ()+o+done
「Oが~されるのを見る〔聞く)」
·
• Shockingly, Louise and her family saw
young people killed right in front of them,
KOKUYO

ページ39:

③「0~してもらう」と言いたいとき
have 〔get〕+0+done 「0を~してもらう」
"
I had Leo's hair cut at ABC Pet Salon
yesterday, but he suddenly ran away on
our way home.

ページ40:

④「~かどうか」と言いたいとき
a.stvtif~「~かどうか、SはVする」
·
.
I don't know if the cats wore a collar.
It is getting more difficult to judge if the
information is reliable or not.
KOKUYO

ページ41:

b. St v + O + if ~「~かどうか、SはVする」
The doctor asked Louise if she could work as
an interpreter in the camp.

ページ42:

⑤「~して・・・する」などを表現したいとき
•
~, doing
This style of journalism grew quickly in New
York, spreading to many other cities in the US.
KOKUYO

ページ43:

Grammar List(関係代名詞)
①人や物について説明したいとき
a. who
Louise was the only girl who graduated
from high school in her village.
This idea can be a great advantage to
ordinary people who want to practice zen.
KOKUYO

ページ44:

・Even people who do not understand Japanese
can benefit from zen
framing.
This means that zen can be practiced by
anyone who.
who is motivated.
人を説明する

ページ45:

.
b. which/that
• In Japan, the volume of rice that an adult
are for one meal was defined as one go.
One common approach is a sign that
tells people what to do.
人以外を説明する
KOKUYO

ページ46:

At the same time, we are exposed to a
flood of information that may be true or
false.
• Superstorm Sandy, a huge hurricane which
hit the US in 2012, illustrates how fake news
can spread.

ページ47:

•
c. whose 「人/物のが〜な」という意味を表す
d.
William Shakespeare is an English writer
whose popular plays have been enjoyed
for over 400 years.
Therefore, in the 1790s, what we now call the
metric system was established in France,
KOKUYO

ページ48:

②人や物に補足・追加の説明を加えたいとき
a. ~, who../~, whose...
'
Mother Teresa is the Nobel Peace Prize
winner of 1979, who helped so many
people in India.
人について補足説明する

ページ49:

b. ~, which... /^, whose...
9
▼
One sun was measured as the width of
the thumb, which is almost equal to
one inch in the US.
Originally, one grain" was about 0.07
grams, which equaled the weight of a
single piece of grain..
KOKUYO

ページ50:

'
· Units of measurement varied from country
to country, which mode global trade complicated
In the past, units were based on things
like the length of body parts, which
were inconsistent.
人以外について補足説明する。

ページ51:

Grammar List(関係副詞)
①時/場所/理由について説明したいとき
a. when
Now is the time when we can learn
many interesting focts about animals.
時を説明する
KOKUYO

ページ52:

b. where
B
Mother seals often swam in shallow
water where there was not so much
food
" Overtourism describes a situation
where the quality of local life is
getting worse because of too many tourists.
場所を説明する

ページ53:

C. why
A
That is why bio-logging can be a great
tool to discover the truth about wild
animals.
理由を説明する
KOKUYO

ページ54:

②方法を説明したいとき
.
hows+V (=the way str)「Sがする方法
This is how we get important data for
animal research.

ページ55:

③時や場所に補足・追加の説明を加え
a. ~, when...
P
たいとき
Only 95 seconds later, when the penguin
was about to reach the surface again, the
heart rate was estimated to be as low as 27 bpm.
時について補足説明する
KOKUYO

ページ56:

b. ~, where...
Actually, this research took place in the bush,
where prey couldn't run at its full speed.
In this digital age, we can easily post
information on the Internet, where truth and
lies are all mixed together.
場所について補足説明する

ページ57:

Grammar List (IFFIE)
①事実と異なる仮定のことを表現したいとき
a. If 'S did ~, S' would (could) do ....
「もし(今)~ならばーする[できる〕だろう」
·
If you were the head of a famous tourist
destination, what would you do about overtourism?
If you invited your friend from a foreign
country, which season would.
you
recommend?
KOKUYO
ノ-M892

ページ58:

If you could have the ability to walk to animals
or to famous people in history, which would
You
choose?

ページ59:

b. If S had done ~, S'would [could] have done....
「もし(あのとき)~だったなら…した〔できた〕だろう」
・
To the members of the science club: If
hadn't joined this club, which club
You
have joined?
You
would
KOKUYO ノーM892

ページ60:

②「~ならいいのに」「まるで~のように」(事実と異なる
a. I wish ~「~ならいいのに」
・I wish I could understand what my cat
Leo was thinking.
こと)

ページ61:

b. as if (though〕 ~「まるで〜のように」
D
A local man said, "Sometimes I feel as it
I were good at acting!
KOKUYO
ノーM892

ページ62:

●英語の句読法
1. comma (コンマ)
a.
try: Some of you feel excited, and
2 others feel nervous,
Since the first Expo in London, Expos have.
showcased human progress.
b. 語句の並列: Nanshun enjoyed traditional
performing arts such as burraku, noh, and rakugo.
KOKUYO -M892

ページ63:

c. However, as we know from
experience, sings seem to work only sometimes.
d.同格の語句の前後:Marie Louise Kambenga,
a peace activist, is from Rwanda.
e.数字のろけたごとの区切り:One pound was.
defined as 7,000 grains.

ページ64:

2. colon (702)
a.具体例や補足説明の提示:
Kyoto has approached the problem from three
viewpoints: time, place, and season...
KOKUYO
ノーM892

ページ65:

3. semicolon (t: J
a. 2つの節の接続:
There is nothing complicated about samu; all
need to do is concentrate on performing
You
each activity.
b. コンマよりも大きな区切り:
Last
year, I went to New York, the US;
Paris, France; and Sydney, Australia,

ページ66:

4. dash (ダッシュ)
a. 言い換えや要約:
Noise, traffic jams, and littering - all these
problems are caused by "overtourism".""
KOKUYO
ノ-M892