10-2 Expressing the Past: Necessity, Advisability, Expectation
PRESENT:(a) Julia has to get a visa.
(b) Julia has got to get a visa.
(c) Julia must get a visa.
Past necessity: had to
In (d): had to
needed to: Julia needed to get a visa.
There is no other past form for must (when it rmeans neceasity)
or have got to.
PAST:
(d) Julia had to get a visa.
PRESENT:(e) I should study for the test. I want to
Past advisability:
pass it.
(f) lought to study for the test.
(g) T had better study for the test.
should have
ought to have + past participle
In the past, should is more common than ought to. The past
form of had better (had better have) is almost never used.
PAST:
Ifailed the test.
(h) Ishould have studied for it.
(i) lought to have studied for it.
(i) I shouldn't have gone to the movies the
night before.
The meaning in (h) and (i): Studying was a good idea, but 1
didn't do it. I made a mistake.
The meaning in (j): It was a bad idea to go to the movies.
I made a mistake.
Usual pronunciation of should have: “should-ev" or
“should-e."
lao
was/were supposed to: unfulfilled expectation or obligation
in the past
PRESENT:(k) We are supposed to leave now.
PAST:
(1) We were supposed toleave last week.
PRESENT:(m)The mail should be here.
Should have + past participle: past expectation
The speaker expected something to happen%; it may or may
not have occurred, as in (n)..
PAST:
(n) The mail should have been here by
now.
