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統語論入門 - Merge and the Strong Minimalist Thesis
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Chomsky N, Seely TD, Berwick RC, et al. Merge and the Strong Minimalist Thesis. Cambridge University Press; 2023.を教科書として構成された統語論入門の授業で取っていたノートです。その名の通り，ミニマリストプログラムを前提として，併合（Merge）とコピー形成（Form Copy）という2種類のみの統語規則を仮定した論が展開されています。
ノートテキスト
ページ1:
12/5. 1-2 Introduction/Background
discrete
infinity
離散無限性(discrete infinity)「文の数は無限である」
infinite
use
併合(merge)
of finite means
語彙 ((exicon)
語彙
→作業空間(ws)
I. John, man child
-> {Sifsee, (the child's)
Merge (X, Y)=√x, Y}
See teach, kick.....
the
a. the with, in on....
{The Child}
Schild
接合したら
消える
ske {see. (the chords) e.g.) Morge (The, child) = {the, child'}
この作業空間の内容の移
→ (derivation)
WS, = [I, the, see, child]
WS₂ = [I, see, the, child}]
| WS₂ = [I, {see, (the, childs}].
| WSq = [{I, (see, f the child }}}]
Merge (fthe, child), see) = √ see, f the, child's f
Merge (I, {see, (the child)}) = {I, {see, {the childs }}
階層/統語/木構造(hierarchical/sutaitic/face structure)
I
See
(Sentence, S)/(fense phrase/TP)
B (verb phrase, UP)
The child
産出
(nown phrase, NP)
-9-7-X (sensory-motor interface. SM)
・合で作った抽象的な構造に、声字の形で具体的な形を与えること
(構造に語順などの時間情報とかが与えられるのもこのタイミング)
e.g.) The boy and the girl are /t is in the room.
○重要なのは階層構造であって懆形順序(limear order)ではない.
概念・意図インターフェイス(cmceptinal intentional interface, CI)
外に出すSMインターフェイスよりは内部の思考に使うこちらの方が主という読あり
構造的曖昧性(structural ambiguity)
e.g.) I saw the man with the telescope.
WS I, saw, the
|man, with,
WS, = [I, saw, the man, with, the Telescope]
WS₂ = [I, saw, f the, many, with, the telescope,
the, Telescope WS3 = [I, saw, { the man), with, {the Telescope)]
WSq = [I, saw, (the man), Ywrth, {ther Telescope}}]
ページ2:
WSS - LI, I saw, (the, mans), Yurth, {the, Telescopes]]
WS6 = [I, {{saw, (the man SS, (with, (the, Telescopesss.
WS7 = [{I, ffsaw. (The man's, furth, (the telescopes {}}]
WSS'= [I, saw, {the man), (with, (the, Telescope({}).
WS6 = [Ir {saw, ff the, mans, Youth, f the, Telescopes}}},
WS= [{I, {saw, if the mans, (with, f the, Telescopes y ]
I saw The man with the telescope.
12/12. 3 Merge
Merge (P,..., Pm, WS) = WS' = [ { P₁, ··, Pm), ... ]
。
• How are Pi...., Pm selected?
0
How many
elements
°
are
-selected, and why?
I saw the man with the Telescope
Do the targets of Merge Pi..", Pm remain in the WS when they are put into a set;
if so, why/why not?
What happens to the other materials in the WS not directly affected by the Morge?
教科書での比巾:
「真室の」併合
(Morge in "vacuum"
Merge (PQ) = {P, Q}
「何でもあり
あるべき姿の併合
制約①一枝分かれ(binarity)
1つたりでは「併合」にならないし、3つ以上では複雑すぎる(2つの組み合わせで実現可能)
しかも実際の言語も2つずつになってそう。
the Third yellow house.
OD & the, (third, fyellow, housef (210)
X②{the, third, yellow, house j}(3枚あり)黄色い家であり、三番目でもあるもの
↳ the Third and yellow house
{the, Kthird, fand, yellowly, housell
制約②外的&内的併合(external/internal merge)
6. Merge (P, Q, WS) P
内的:
WS = [the, eaten,
apple
WS₂ = [the, featen, apple)]
WS3 = [{the featen, apple }}]
\\
AD (movement / transformation)
ⓐが含まれる。
WS, = [was, eaten, the, apple]
:apple.
"The apple was eaten the apple
WS₂ = [was, eaten, (the appley]
WS4= [{was. Yeaten, the, apples}}]]
WS = [was, Yeaten, (The apples to eat the apple.
消えない.
WS = [{{the, apple), (was, eaten, (the appleb}}}] [{{ the appleti (was, exten]
ページ3:
コピー形成(Form Copy)=
一方は他方のコピーとして
に無視され、意味的に同一とされるWSは変わらない。
"Many people were praised"
WS, were (praised. (many people {5}]
WS₂ = [{{many, people), {were, (praised, {many, people}}}}]
WS = [{{ many, people), Ywere, \praised, {many, people")
"Many people praised many people"
20
- FC
WS, = [{many, people), {praised, (many, people}}],
Ws₁ = [\\many, peoples, praised, {many, people sy]
275
WS = [{{many, peoples, & praised. (many, peopless
(E53) No-Tampering Condition: 750021711/(preservation))
外的配合でMergeしたものがWSから消えているのは原則から外れている。
"What did
You eat?"
WS = [what did
WS = [did
you,
cat]
• you, (eat, what?].
WS₂ = [ you, fdid, feat, what sh].
WS = you did, feat, what $44]
WS4 = [ {did. (you, Ydid, feat what $ 444]
WSS = [{what (did, (you, (did, feat, what }}}}]
[did, {you, feat, what }}]
[{what, (did, (you, leat, what }}}}]
[{did, (you, leat, what {}}]
12/19 1734-54 Language General/Specific Conditions.
SI (language-general)
・第3要因(third-factor)
・遺伝、②経験・学習
- & by (general law)
(minimal computation)
(minimal search)
併合する要素は見つけやすいものから.
(内的併合って何重にも集合を潜ってくから遠くね…?)
[X.Y.z]
[x.{Y.z)]
(minimal yield)
もとの要素のとえは消えたように見える理由
→y (resource restriction)
=
脳の制みたいな観点から、
WSは小さくなるようにする
= √(minimal yield).
D
(language-specific)
Fiko (theta Theory)
動詞がそれぞれの名詞句にちょうど1つの役割を与える
* John sleeps The building Mary.
*Juan put
*The dog saw.
意味の二重性 Cduality of semantics)
外的場合は項構造等を構築し、専らD-positionに関わる。
内的併合は情報構造などを司る。
ページ4:
義務的コントロール(obligatory control
"The man fried to read a book."
コントロール構
The man Tried to PRD read a book
主語コントロール(subject control)
読む人(θre)
(NP1つしかないから当然主語が選ばれる)
→
[the, man, Tried, To, if the, mant, {read, {a, book $4}]
• [{{the, many, {fried, {fo, if the many, {read, Ya, books]
FC
"John persuaded Mary to PRD dance">to-c(object control)
dance]
・構造的に近いものと結ばれやすい?
: John promised Mary to PRO dance. #7-10-1
WS = [John, persuaded, Mary, Mary, To,
WS₂ = [John, persuaded. Mary, to, [Mary, dance}]
WS₂ = [ John, persuaded, Mary, {to, [Mary, dances}]
WS4 = [ John. (persuaded, Mary), (to, {Mary, dance by ]
WS = [John, {{persuaded, Mary}, {To, {Mary, dance }}}]
WS6 = [John, persuaded, Maryl, {to, {Mary, dance 4499]
1
FC.
12/26 6 Illustrations
• The fox are a pear.
• The fox was chased.
0
• I expected the fox to eat crisp apples.
D
°
• ]=-=-(v: The man tried to win.
繰り上げ The man seems to win.
"
"The fox are a pear."
WS =[The fox, ate, ar pear,
voice inflection complementizar
主語時文のタイプ
V. I, CJ
WS₂ = [The, fox, ate, far pear)]
WS3 [The fox fate, {a, pears
WS4= [{The foxt, fate, {a, pears)].
WS5= [the fox). Later fa, pearly]
#1257 IM カコを指示
WS = [{{{the foxy, (D) {{the fox}, {
+ CF. (ELEIT In
Treaty-Late
The fox was chased?'
WS = [The, fox, was, chased]
WS =[was, chased, {the, fox)]
WS = [was, {chased, {the fox (4]
WS=was, fchased, (the, for $}}]
77
The fox ate a pear.
・機能語、機能範ちゃう(function hard fioritical category)
fate, {a, pears}}}}}}]
=)
WS5= [{fther fort, was, (chased, (the fox 4444]
主席を要せず
CF
WS = [YC, {ffe, fox), {I, {{chased, {the, fox $$$}}}]
was
The fox
was chased the for
ページ5:
A role : Trier
-role winner
コントロール: The man tried to PRO win.
(control)
↑ Control
「もとから主語の位置、the mani PROの意味をコントロール
Verb
8-1047550
Est" : The man seems to the man win.
(O-role: Winner
(ruising)
raising
移動の結果として主語の位置へ
verb
両者の差異は動的だけ
C. *One interpreto each Tried [PRO to have been assigned to the diplomats 同じ器seachとその先行がないといけない
R: One interpretor each seens [t to have been assigned to the diplomats ]
C:
John persuaded the doctor [PRO to examine Bill]
C:
John persuaded Bill [PRO to be examined by the doctor ]
R: John expected the doctor [t to examine Bill
R: John expected Bill [t to be examined by the doctor]
doctor Epersuade
「逢う意味。
Bill & persuade
Jace of. The doctor exaurines Bill &
raising verbの場合は虚辞(expletive)を用いた書き込えが可能(controlは不可)。
○" There seens to be an apple on the table. "→"It seems that there is an apple on the table!
X" Bob Tries To read the book." "It tries that Bob reads book."
受け身の過去の分析:
John kissed Mary.
↓受身形
Mary was kissed by John long passive
↓主語削除
k Mary was kissed.
この分析だと short passiveの方が
操作を経ていて生成に負担が大きいはず
I
short passive
実際は short passireの方が負荷小さいらしい
→この分析は人間の拡方から外れていそう
1/9 第7章 History of Merge
1960s=標準理論(standard theory) 大量のご意的規則の時代。
◎構造規則(phrase structure rule)
S NPVPVP→VNP. NP→N+PP,
変形(Transformation)
受身:目的語を移動、wh疑問文:w要素を移動
GB
1561
1980s・統率・東縛理論(government & binding Theory) 多言語の分析事
メバー理論(オー bar theory)
XP→XYP(VRVMP,NP NPP,PP→PNP,AP
→ *VPN PP *S→NPVP これが封じられると・・・?
α移動(Move-a)
変形で移動するものでαという変数において一般化
MP
19905:桂主義理論(minimalist program) 授業を行ってきたのもこの溢れ、
(merge) Merge (V.NP) - YVP, {V, NPL
2000s=併合の最大化/最小化、最小化→ここまでやってきたMorgeの形になる。最大
最大
外的併合→旬構造規則/オバー連合
内的併合→変形/α移動
ってきて抽象化・一般化をみるようになる。
ANPを一般化)
CP-S
C
IP
I
VP
VNP
ページ6:
1/23 第8章 Prospects 経験的な拡張 ・Across-the-Board(ATB)構文/移動 I wonder what Gretel recommended and Hansel read. recommended readの目的語 42つの文で共有しているから across. 並列合(Parallid Merge)による説明が従来 →普通の疑問文とかと同じように Gretel recommended what and fouse read whatから 1回内的併合して2回CFかければよくね? what Grefel recommended what Hansel read that 移動/内時限会 ° ・付加詞コントロール構文 Priya saw Taro after PRO leaving work 側方移動(Sideward Moremant)による説明が従来 →他のコントロール構文と同様に(分析 今後の課題 0 形容詞wh疑問 how likely To win Emme is after (adjunct) Priyak 側移動 Priva Saw Taro leaving work how likely to Fuse win Fure is how tikely to Eure wmn] CFでこえるものの方が総務的に上位にいる! →上位にいたという「記録」は残らないのでは A ° 等位構造 Tristan, Jess, and Carlos went dancing. 3つ以上の係合を許す? SM. Fe IM.FC
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