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自然科學 大學

想問3-9的a跟c

Problems 3-1. Explain the difference between *(a) random and systematic error. (b) constant and proportional error. *(c) absolute and relative error. (d) mean and median. *3-2. Suggest two sources of systematic error and two sources of random error in measuring the length of a 3-m table with a 1-m metal rule. 3-3. Name three types of systematic errors. *3-4. Describe at least three systematic errors that might occur while weighing a solid on an analytical balance. *3-5. Describe at least three ways in which a systematic error might occur while using a pipet to transfer a known volume of liquid. 3-6. Describe how systematic method errors may be detected. *3-7. What kind of systematic errors are detected by varying the sample size? 3-8. A method of analysis yields masses of gold that are low by 0.4 mg. Calculate the percent relative error caused by this result if the mass of gold in the sample is (a) 500 mg. (b) 250 mg. V(c) 125 mg. (d) 60 mg. 3-9. The method described in Problem 3-8 is to be used for the analysis of ores that assay about 1.2% gold. What minimum sample mass should be taken if the relative érror resulting from a 0.4-mg loss is not to exceed *(a) -0.1%? (b) -0.4%? (c) -0.8%? (d) - 1.1%? 3-10. The color change of a chemical indicator requires an overtitration of 0.03 mL. Calculate the error if the total volume of titrant is percent relative (a) 50.00 mL. (c) 25.0 mL. 3-11. A loss of 0.4 mg of Zn occurs in the course of an percent relative analysis for that element. Calculate the error due to this loss if the mass of Zn in the sample is *(b) 10.0 mL. (d) 30.0 mL. 190 (c) 188 (d) 4.52 x 103 4.63 x 103 4.53 x 10 ³ √6 *(a) 30 mg. (b) 100 mg. *(c) 300 mg. (d) 500 mg. 3-12. Find the mean and median of each of the following sets of data. Determine the deviation from the mean for each data point within the sets, and find the mean devi- Vation for each set. Use a spreadsheet if it is convenient. *(a) 0.0110 0.0105 (b) 24.53 0.0104 24.68 24.81 24.77 39.61 862 (f) 850 MA 3-13. Challenge Problem: Richards and W the molar mass of lithium and colle data. 24.73 Experiment 1 2 3 4 5 6 194 447 X 10 7 448 X 107 4.58 X 10 (a) Find the mean molar t workers. (b) Find the median molar ma (c) Assuming that the cam molar mass of lithium is the absolute ertor and of the mean value demi Willard. (d) Find in the chemical ues for the molar mus since 1910, and ag a table or spreadshera 1817 given in the a Richards and Willd. Com mass versus year to la of lithium has chang Suggest possible abruptly about 18 ant de (e) The incredibly deals Richards and W that major changes will occur. Disc calculation in pat (f) What factors ha since 1910? (g) How would you mass? 6See Chapter 2 of Applications of Microsoft Excel in Analytical Chemistry, 4th ed., for information about statistical 7T. W. Richards and H. H. Willard, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1910, 32, 4, DOI: 10.1021/ja01919a002. built-in statistical functions. "Answers are provided at the end of the book for questions and problems marked with an asterisk The I of ₂ or inc rce of able vas error c often in individu ate resul data in rtainties. dimensio andom e analysts The result

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自然科學 大學

求解圖裡UICK quiz的第二小題

acit0r 1taneOuls CUrTent Differentiating Equation 27.22 with respectto time gives the inst: as afunction of time: 4 tt號 一Fe ptasafurc 主二 where Q;/有CC 三方 is the initial current. Figure 27.15b 5 in the resistor that we guessedin order to-apply Kirch Equations 27.15 and 27.21. Equation 27.23 shows that the ci ing capacitor is negative, indicating that the current 1s Figure 27.15c. Both the charge on the capacitor and the ct tially at a rate characterized by the time'constant7了三用C. 人 i 一 GOuicK ouiz 27.5 Considerthe circuitin Figure 27.17 and assume the battery has after the switch is closed, what is the currentin the Figure 27.17 no internal resistance. () 」 battery (a) 0 (b) &/2A(G 28/Z04 8/元(e) impossible to determine (ii) After a 有 eyerylong time, what is the Currentin the battery? Choose from the same choices. theswitch is CC (3 前:銜1加信介2放 IntermittentWindshield Wipers nobiles are equipped with windshield wipers that can operate intermittently during alight rainfall. How does ofsuch wipers depend on the charging and discharging ofacapacitor7 民 The wipers are part ofan 及C circuit whose time constant can be varied by selecting different values of及through amultipo- Sition sWitch. As the voltage across the capacitor increases, the capacitor reaches a point at which it discharges and Higgers the wipers. The circuit then begins another charging cycle. The time interval between the individual sweeps of the wiperS 1 determinedjby the value ofthe time constant.

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