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*buffer (WA or WB):
☆ pH = pKa + log [A
⇒ WAWB半當量點⇒ pH=pKa
titration Ka. Kb
*acid-base indicator useful range: pka±1
titration of polyprotic acids: H3A+ H2O = H3O++ H₂A¯ before first equivalence point
HA+HA¯ = H3A + HA² first equivalence point:
* solubility
*KA Ksp-KP.59)
! (formation)
activity concentration
PH
keq=
kaz
Kaj
PH-Pka+Pkaz
2
volume of base