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Dinosaur Fossils In the past century, one of the most amazing findings by scientists has been dinosaur bones. Dinosaur bones also called fossils are the remains of old dinosaur skeletons. Sometimes scientists who discover dinosaur fossils just find footprints in the dirt. Other times, they find enough fossils to make a complete dinosaur. But how do dinosaur bones that are millions of years old get turned into fossils? How can something buried beneath dirt and sand last for so long? Fossil Formation When dinosaurs or other ancient animal or plant life dies, a gradual process begins. (A) Then the dead dinosaur is eventually covered by dirt and mud. (B) This leaves the hardest parts of the dinosaur- bones and teeth. (C) After thousands of years, the chemicals in the buried dinosaur's body go through a series of changes. (D) As the bone slowly decays, groundwater gets inside the bone. The minerals in the groundwater are replaced with the chemicals in the bone. These minerals are the same as the surrounding rock. As the dinosaur bone turns into a fossil, it becomes a heavy, rock-like version of the original dinosaur. It is now officially called a fossil. When scientists look for dinosaur fossils, they look for specific rock types. Fossils are usually found in either shale, siltstone, mudstone, or sandstone. Preservation (E) Preservation is an important word when studying fossils. (F) It means to keep something in the same condition for a long time. (G) One of the best examples of dinosaur fossils is in the Field Museum in Chicago. (H) The Tyrannosaurus Rex (or T-Rex) was the fiercest and largest dinosaur on the planet. It was a carnivore, or meat eater. T-Rex liked to eat smaller dinosaurs for dinner, using its powerful jaws to crush its victims. The skeleton of Sue was discovered in the dry plains of South Dakota in 1990 by Sue Henderson, a scientist. By studying prehistoric fossils, we can learn about life millions of years ago.

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ค Read the interview. 6-09 oguess that something will happen in the future. Our Happy Planet Garry: Hello, everyone! And welcome to the Our Happy Planet Talk Show, We're here with Professor Julie Bright, a sientist and expert on climate change. Julie: Thanks, Garry. Garry: So, Julie, in your opinion, do we do enough to keep our planet healthy? Julie: Actualy, I think that the world is going to end in the next 100 years. Garry: I'm sorry. In 100 years? Oh dear.. thats terrible. Can you explain further? Julie: Its because we've already done too much damage to the planet, and now that darmage is permanent. In my opinion, we're past the point of trying to protect the planet. Now we should try to save ourselves. Garry: Surely there's something we can do. What's the cause of all this damage? Julie: Well, the cause is pollution, and its effect is climate change. It's destroying our planet, and it will continue to do So. Its to the point that we cannot stop it. Its causing the ice caps to melt. (A) Soon they will all disappear. This in turn will cause sea levels to rise. [B) Its predicted that sea levels will rise another 48 centimeters by the year 2050. This will flood many coastal cities. They will be lost forever beneath the water. Flooding isn't the only problem being caused by climate change either. Climate change is causing drought, famine, fires, and other disasters to happen more often all over the world. [C) The bottom line is: we're losing the fight against climate change. Garry: But, Professor, if we stop poluting the environment, can't we prevent these disasters that you are predicting? Julie: Hmm. Well, it couldn't hurt. But, in order for us to make a real difference, we'd have to stop polluting the planet now. Climate change is a problem for all people living now. It's not a problem for our kids or our kids" kids. comprehension Circle true or false. 8 1. Julie believes the damage done to the planet is permanent 2. Sea levels have risen 48 centimeters. 3. Melting ice caps cause droughts, famines, fires, etc. 4. Julie thinks natural disasters cannot be prevented. true false true false true false 6 Read the statements. Then fill in the boxes with the best place to insert the sentences [A-C]. The ice caps have melted faster in the last 20 years than they have in the past 10,000 years. These disasters can also cause issues such as lack of food and water. The sea level has increased by 23 centimeters in the last 140 years. Listen and read. Then fill in the blanks with the correct words. 7-09 Hello sports fans. Welcome to the 23rd annual Bayslde High School Athletics Day. I'm your host, Vic Romano. Today, I'll be covering all of the action. First up is the three-on-three basketball tournament. The Ballers are this year's champions! This most of the other teams. They morning, they 1. Couldn't lose. However, in the championship game, the Purple Elephants the Ballers in the first two quarters. Luckily n0 2. one got injured. By the end of the third quarter, though, the Ballers had the game under control, Ravi Patel 3. most other players. He led the game in rebounds. He also 4. everyone else. Meanwhile, team captain Eduardo Marque2 5. point guard. He gave assists to all his teammates. Finally, teammate Kenny Longhorn made an the Elephants unbelievable shot. Thanks to Ravi, Eduardo, and Kenny, the Ballers won the game 123-95.

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Incomplete and codominance practice #1 Directions: Read each statement and determine the pattern of inheritance. 1. Birds can be blue, white, or white with blue-tipped feathers. 2. Flowers can be white, pink, or red 3. A hoo can have curly hair, spiked hair, or a mix of both curly and spiked. 4. A sneech can be tall, medium, or short. 5. A Bleexo can be spotted, black or white. Trolls can have red, blue or purple hair. The allele that controls this trait is INCOMPLETELY DOMINANT, where purple hair is caused by the heterozygous condition. genotype phenotype BB red BR Stanley has purple hair and is married to Julia who brags that she has the bluest blue hair in the valley. a. How many of Julia's children will be able to brag about their blue hair also? % b. How many will take after their father % C. Show a cross to prove your answers. d. One of Julia's children is born with shocking red hair. Is Stanley the father of this child? e. But wait, Julia Swears that she has been faithful, she claims the hospital goofed and got her baby mixed with someone else's. Is Julia the mother of the red-haired child? SALIVEWORKSHEETS () () () | () () ()

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4 Dick Summers: that was all the encouragement I needed. I finally got into the film business iท the 70s. Stanley Kubrick had amazed everybody with his beautiful film 2001: A Space Odyssey and I| found myself working on a similar film for a young guy called George Lucas. He kept talking about robots, or swords made out of light, and superfast spaceships, and I kept saying, "Sure, George, but how are we going to make it?" Well, in the end we found a way and Star Wars was a massive blockbuster. We made two more Star Wars films, and I had a great time working on the Indiana Jones movies, but then along came Jurassic Park in 1993 and that changed everything. Snesial Efecls SUPERVISOR A long time ago in a galaxy far, far away . people used to believe whatever they saw with their own eyes. But do you really believe a man can fly? Do you believe aliens are invading Earth or that an evil empire will destroy freedom across the บniverse? For the makers of films like Superman, Independence Day and Star Wars, their mission is to make you believe and that's when they come to someone like me. Over the years, I've travelled through time, breathed life back into dinosaurs and blown up entire planets. Today, I work at Industrial Light & Magic, but my interest in special effects goes back to my childho0od. I remember seeing the alien in The War Uf The Worlds zap some soldiers with a ray gun and I thought 1o myself, "| want to do that. My father had a home movie Camera and I filmed my brother pretending to be a soldier. Then filmed some fireworks exploding. My mum went crazZy When she saw it, but my dad thought it was really funny and Computer animation had been around for a long time, but now we Could make any kind of creature we wanted. Suddenly, it seemed like every film had to have CGI (computer generated imaging) and I think some people forgot that films still need imagination. I enjoy films like The Lord of the Rings trilogy because they've got drama and emotion as well as great Special effects, but my kids like computer animated films like Shrek. Sometimes I try to imagine what kind of films they'|| be watching when they're older, but then look back at how far we've already come. Who could have dreamed any of this Would really happen?