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EXAMPLE 9.1 Water Treatment Facility #3 Case The situation with the location and construction of the new WTF3 and associated transmission mains described in the chapter's introduction has reached a serious level because of recent questions posed by some city council members and citizen groups. Before going public to the city council with the analysis performed last year, the director of Allen Water Utilities has asked an engineering management consultant to review it and determine if it was an acceptable analysis and correct economic decision, then and now. The lead consultant, Joel Whiterson, took engineering economy as a part of his B.S. education and has previously worked on economic studies in the government sector, but never as the lead person. Within the first hour of checking background notes, Joel found several initial estimates (shown below) from last year for expected consequences if WTF3 were built. He realized that no viewpoint of the study was defined, and, in fact, the estimates were never classified as costs, benefits, or disbenefits. He did determine that disbenefits were considered at some point in the analysis, though the estimates for them are very sketchy. Joel defined two viewpoints: a citizen of Allen and the Allen Water Utilities budget. He wants to identify each of the estimates as a cost, benefit, or disbenefit from each viewpoint. Please help with this classification. Economic Dimension 1. Cost of water: 10% annual increase to Allen households 2. Bonds: Annual debt service at 3% per year on $540 million 3. Use of land: Payment to Parks and Recreation for shaft sites and construction areas 4. Property values: Loss in value, sales price, and property taxes 5. Water sales: Increases in sales to surrounding communities 6. M&O: Annual maintenance and operations costs 7. Peak load purchases: Savings in purchases of treated water from secondary sources Monetary Estimate Average of $29.7 million (years 1-5, steady thereafter) $16.2 million (years 1-19); $516.2 million (year 20) $300,000 (years 1-4) $4 million (years 1-5) $5 million (year 4) plus 5% per year (years 5-20) $300,000 plus 4% per year increase (years 1-20) $500,000 (years 5-20)

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Present Perfect Continuous

9 Present Perfect Continuous (I've been cooking) 3 Here are some more examples: 1 We form the Present Perfect Continuous in this way: POSITIVE I/you/we/they have/'ve He/she/it been cooking. has/'s S NEGATIVE 1/you/we/they haven't He/she/it hasn't QUESTIONS Have 1/you/we/they he/she/it Has been cooking. }been cooking? (For details about -ing forms see Table C, on page 95.) 2 We use the Present Perfect Continuous for an action or situation that began in the past and continues until now: You're late! I've been waiting for you. We often use for and since with the Present Perfect Continuous. We use for with a period of time, and since with a point in time: I've been waiting for you for two hours. I've been waiting for you since 6 o'clock. PAST NOW Julia has been talking on the phone for an hour. (= She started talking on the phone an hour ago and she is still talking.) You've been sitting there since I o'clock. (= You started sitting there at one o'clock and you are still sitting there.) 4 We use the Present Perfect Continuous for actions that are done many times in a period. of time from the past until now: She's been having driving lessons for a couple of months. (= She started a couple. of months ago; she is still having lessons.) I've been playing tennis since I was a small child. 5 We can use How long with the Present Perfect Continuous: How long have you been living here? Practice A Write a sentence for each of the following situations, using the Present Perfect Continuous and for or since. 0 She started her course a month ago and she is still doing it. She has been doing her course for a month. 0 I started reading this novel last weekend and I'm still reading it. I have been reading this novel since last weekend. 1 It started raining at 3 o'clock and it is still raining. 2 He started playing chess when he was 10 and he still plays it. 3 I started work at 8 o'clock and I'm still working. 4 Helen started looking for another job two months ago and she's still looking. 5 We arrived here two hours ago and we're still waiting. B Put for or since into the gaps. 0 I've been working in this office since 1 Have you been doing this course 2 I've been driving this car 3 She has been planning the party 4 George has been telling the same stories 5 We've been waiting for a reply 6 What have you been doing. 7 You've been writing that letter 8 He's been feeling ill phone to someone all afternoon. a few days. C Complete these dialogues by putting the verbs in brackets ( ) into the Present Perfect Continuous. last summer. a long time? more than ten years. A: When did you arrive in London? B: Two weeks ago. A: Where have you been staying B: 1¹ But I am going to move to my own flat.next week. A: Hallo. What are you doing here? B: I'm waiting to see the manager. I 2 (wait) for half an hour. A: She's very busy. She 2 A: I didn't know that you could play the piano. B: Oh yes, I rain save study read make learn watch play the beginning of the month. several years. we wrote to them last week. the last time that I saw you? more than two hours. 0 She has been learning. 1 It 2 We 3 4 1 Wendy A: How long B: I started looking immediately after I lost my old job. I 6 5 We 6 The people next door. 7 I (you/stay)? (stay) with some friends in their flat. D Choose the best verb from the box to complete each sentence. Use the Present Perfect Continuous form of the verb. (talk) on the (have) piano lessons for a year. (you/look) for a job? (apply) for jobs for about six months. Spanish for six months. for hours; the roads are very wet. this game for hours. Let's stop! French at school for three years. this book for months, but I haven't finished it yet. this programme for hours. a lot of noise all day. my money for a holiday.

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ตอบคำถาม14ข้อ ช่วยหน่อยค่ะ

OFFERING ROBES m or "PHA PA means clothes forest Money tree During the feast called "PHA PA", money is given to restore the temple buildings but also to get funds to build new buildings. Such tree is called money tree The "PHA PA ceremony can happen at any time in the year. On the contrary "THOT KATHIN" ceremony only happens once a year and just after the end of the rain retreat. The name "PHA PA" can be translated to "clothes forest. A long time ago, monks only wear clothes made from old rags of dead people. So faithful people sometimes placed clothes on the tree branches in the forest. That is the origin of the "PHA PA ceremony. Directions: Answer these questions about Thot Khathin and Thot Pha Pa. 1. What is Kathin? 2. How long are the robes of Buddhist monks cut ? 3. Who would make Kathin robes in the olden times ? 4. When is a period of four weeks? 5. What is the key thing presented to monks in Thot Khathin and Thot Pha Pa? 6. When is Thot Khathin held? 7. When is Thot Pha Pa held? 8. What are presented to monks in the temples on Thot Khathin ceremony? 9. What is the Pha Pa money used for ? 10. What is junju' called in English? 11. What is th' called in English ? 12. What is the origin of the Pha Pa ceremony? 13. Why is it called Thot Pha Pa? 14. Can you tell about the difference between Thot PhaPa' and 'Thot Khathin'?

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วิชาภาษาอังกฤษ Past and Past Perfect Tense ใครพอจะรู้คำตอบ หรือมีเฉลย รบกวนด้วยนะคะ ขอบคุณค่ะ😭

B1 Past and Past Perfect Tense Fill in the correct form of the verb in brackets: Past or Past Perfect Tense /Simple or Progressive) 1. After I the letter, I the wrong address on it. (POST, REALISE, WRITE) 2. John asked me where I 3. At this time yesterday, we 4. When I the magnificent time I 5. It was the first time that she 6. As soon as the maid working in the garden. (FINISH, START) (ALREADY MAKE, RISE) 9. We 10. When I 7. We started to worry about Jimmy because we (CALL) 8. They (ARRIVE, LEAVE) 13.1 14. We 11. While I in the garden it off the oven. (WORK, STRIKE, NOT TURN) 12.1 18. We (NOT GO, CANCEL) the day before. (BE) through the streets of Madrid, I that I about there as a student. (WALK, THINK, SPEND) me to dinner. (INVITE) scrubbing the kitchen floor, she California. (WATCH, HIT) 15. The police told me that someone 16. When I finally. for half an hour. (ARRIVE, WAIT) 17. Patricia their way out of town before the sun for 6 km. (ALREADY WALK) for two hours when we finally got to our hotel. (DRIVE) home, I saw that the children. my best friend to the party, but he couldn't come because he other plans. (INVITE, ALREADY MAKE) out of the window because I some noises. (LOOK, THINK, HEAR) TV when we saw that a devastating earthquake. a job. (STUDY, QUIT, GET) TO28 him all afternoon. me that I English for three years when she to China because our flight at the airport, he told me that he into our neighbour's house. (BREAK) and on short notice.

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