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Subject:
L.10 Metaethics (1).
Date: 4/14.
- what is metaethics? "meta" means above or beyond. → a foundation of normative theory like
what under neat. It's deeper where the normative come from? what you mean by good? Right?
Nomative
what are the rules
- Metaethics what do our moral judgments mean?
are there objective cr
subjective?
A period of philosopher that think about language change ethic
big focus on language.
and turn in to Linguistic turn"
-
The importance language
what is virtue It's not the same with
Plato
everyone
characteristics in other people such as courage, brave etc.
Hume The traits in people (such as courage) what it feel of courage..
Sthe key is what does the word "virtue" mean? 5th about represent in our mind.
- Realism v. anti-realism 2 moral judgement conclusion about things outside us. or some kind
of inner Feeling
- Realism 2
moral property is existed in the world like physical fact 5th is out ther in the world
that independent of us.
B
C
A+ B² = c²
= Fact
1. Stealing is wrong Fact in reality. moral facts
Agelina Joly is beautiful moral judgements can be true or False
but it's possible to have a real
Ex. What is 'beauty' beautyf is a word we use to describe things in the world. They are real
quality in the word.
- Anti-realism = moral property is not existed. her beauty is just a reaction to us.
world that describe our reaction to her face. I have no solid connection to the external word.
- It's just a type of opinion
2
no meaningful moral arguments are possible.
disagree on the feeling that not represent a judement at all. = random opinion.
The feelings represent pure instinct
The feelings depend on ideas we have Those idea come from cultural and Social. it's planned
and train is not connected to any objective fact.
Represent randomness opinon

ページ2:

Subject:
Date:
2+2=5
Cognitivism v. non-cogniti vsm. z linguistic couter parts to realism and anti-realism.
is it possible to proof?
stealing is wrong possible that true or false.
Truth valve is not mean sth its true but its possible that can be proof true or false.
Cognitivism crealism) = believe in "Truth value" they are capable of being true or false.
Can't proof it's true or false. + doesn't have true value.
Ex. Chocolate is the best favor of ice cream.
2
non-cognitivism (anti-realism) = have not truth value. It's just a opinoin
morality is created or invented
Moral realism rationalism.
(different type of realism).
Three forms of realism & rationalism naturalism intuitionism.
Rationalism moral property is existed but we use reason to discover moral rules.
Reason is
the tool to figure out what is right or wrong. Ex. Aquinas he use reason to discover the natural law
given to us by God. Kant = use reason to discover moral laws which exist priori before human
-
experience. morality is sth real and they think we can discover by reason and Logic.
Tempiricists = look data in the real world. → scient need more than reason but need data from
external world through our sense first.
rationalists discover knowledge directly and use reason to Figure it out.

ページ3:

Subject: L.11
Metae this
Date: 7/4/14
- Realism Naturalism Take in data in the val world with 5 sense. Ethical truth exist
out there make conclusion. / experience is key to figure out.
-Naturalism Ethical truth are
part of the natural world and must be experienced by person.
-EX. Mill what's good is what causes the most happiness / least suffering? look at the effect in the world.
like stealing's wrong. I gain the suffering.
Ex. Japan atomic bomb. z estimate when they drop the bomb. ? how many people die / heat research.
Prop the bomb to kill germany is worth for Home.
- Hume 2 moral judgments passions feeling of 5th right or wrong. but are still facts about the world
that we experience.
~ deiger couter count radio active. use our instinct to react to thing, and part of natural world.
They are relyable and measure what morally right or wrong. CNaturalism).
Aristotle morally property exist inside people character trait Ex. risk people, lazy, hard-
working in real world. - not a one-time event Ex. your weight / skin = Those are real that make
→Behavior exist in personally. ex. baby behave and grown up version act the same.
Us existed
way in 20 Years later.
Property consistence all the time.
The type of person you are is fact
Naturalism" (and autonomy of Ethics. issue) [not believe
Autonomy independence
Idea that ethic that dis connected from real world.
Ethic exist before the world exist.
7
- Apriory befor existence. [rationalism believe]
-
khant believe in this theory like math but not in dod but logic
5. Main argument agaist naturalism = It violates the is/ought distinction.
- Hum's Law = you can't derive an "ought" From an "is" Ex. Premise = It's bad time.
C. you should brush your teeth. = it's illogical. not fact but A reccomendation.
to support an ought"
rely on fact
- encounter It may be true that derive an ought but be does not say that factual statements coub be not
be used as premise
Ex. P11t's bed time
P₂ At bed time you ought to brush you teeth.
c. So you ought to brush you teeth.
need data from real world to built a argument.

ページ4:

Subject:
-Macintyre's virtue ethice
Date:
Alisdair MacIntyre modern virtue ethicist who arguagaist
Enlightenment ethics dectology / ulitarianism.
- naturalism is good because it grouds ethics in something real from the world. If it's like math
it can't assess to every people. Ethical democracy like every people can do.
- Mysterious ethic is based on faith. in bible - It should be real world.
- Intuitionism & third type of realism rejection of both naturalism and rationalism.
- moral propertis existed by intruition like it's imediatly know..
self-evident no proof
- G. E. Moore: The term good can not be defined = It's good no definition- not right for
reason. Intuitive reality. A philosopher that deest believe in philosophy. Morality
explained.
his argument that try to proof his point.
can not be
- Open question' argument = G. E. Moore's attempt to prove the "good" is undefiniable
a. Good is definable
b. Good is undefinable
c. Neither Good nor Bad exist. Moral judgments have no meaning at all. (fomal anti-realism).
- If good is definabl must be of the form = Good is X.
no matter x is it truly good? How do you know?
what makes you good?
always question.
Ex. Bachelor is unmarried man.
It's really true? Yes. What ever its true he
Hume
Sentiment
are
rely able
- most ppl have
same reaction.
Things that
• Concept of good is cant seperate and has not piece and it is what it is.
- O· GE Moore - doesn't understand the language some terms are capable of more than one meaning
by their nature some what vague: but good is such a common word that it has many possible meaning.
meaning does not mean that it is undefinable. It's just complex. but it is possible to
-vale.
many
possible
defineable
Moore's ideals doesn't believe "good" can be defined in abstract can be relgable.
has agreeable intuitive say what good or bad. " know it when they see it"
is good.
- 2 caterogry : love of beautiful thing the love of good people. & valuable human
-instutively value.
idea?
Maybe we don't have the same intuition.
don't
Ex. Theists v. atheists
we all have valve friendship the same & not everybody think that I
- Also fromble of intuvition.
what have ppl differyt
No tatal
way2
agreement
15

ページ5:

an
►
Subject:
- update to intovitionism
- Deontological intuitionism
Date:
- Two thinkers 2 H.A. Prichard and W.D. Ross = modified intuitionism to be more reason
- and explaination
(duty)
- basic ideas all morality is grounded in
duty
Cannot be defined in any way but come from
instinct we just know 2+2 = 4 proof is unnessary...
what if ppl have differ intuition about duty? Ex. Nazi Germany who feels a duty to
follows orders V. doty to disobey. immoral commands. (Nazis morality - The ray they see morality)
deological issue
2 duties often conflict with each other. If dutys are absolute you can't rage them
are abs lute
instinct but it comes
-W.D. Ross intuitionism don't have proble with conflict of duty they do not believe in
autonomy of Ethic. not rational. + dov't believe duty
from experience. We build up principles about what is right or wrong on the basis of experience.
If experience duty instinctive I
know by
- Prima facie duties. first look or grance = we have the duty to tell truth Irreducible but not abslute,
They can conflict with each other. but because they are not absolute it does not create dilema
our instuition can tell us which duty takes priority?
Other general criticism of instutionism.
why do we have moral doubt or confusion?
some times we just don't know to figure out.
If its base on intuifition we should not pursuade? why do we sometimes change our opinion of
what is right or wrong? Switch the slide...
Ex. vetgeterian turn back to eat meat and
it's looking nomal to eat. 2 morality doesn't come from Instinct.
what exactly are moral properties" how can intutionists say definitely exist but are
definitely not reducible? moral properties are supposed to really exist in the world, but
They obviously don't exist in the same way as other physical's natural property?
Ex. I can verify the size - wieght and colour mona Lisa? how do I verify its beauty?
Ex. "Yellow Just mean "yellow" we know it when we see it.
- doesnt exist but cannot be break down.

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Subject:
Meta ethic S
Date:
Anti- realism/non-cognitivism believe that properties don't exist in the world. mordl
Judgment as not based on anything solid or
- The meaning of reaction...
3 Type of onbirealism.
meating world
Just reation of mind
- Emotivism All moral Judements and values are expression of emotion reaction to things &
a opinion and meaningless / not important →
emotions don't deserve
or wrong.
F
any
I don't like that or That makes me feel bad.
respect Ex. vanilla v. chocolate ice cream: opinion no right
Strong or not = emotion /feeling of rejection. good positive emotional reaction =
No deep meaning
ful world is like
- A.J. Ayer Philosopher / linguistic language is not always meaning I
emtyness = laugauge is only meaningful when it refers to the world?
it is a tautology 2 something it's true. by definition. Bashelor is unma med man-
it is verifiable through
experience.
"Lying is wrong" = meaningless
- It cant value
we cant verify
label feeling that like
own senses experience. Water freezes at 0 degrees C = verifiable by
just an expression of an emotion. not sth that is lie.
like idea /principle pseudo-concepts = fake /emtyp word A
ex Ow" mean That hurt
"This is wrong" doesn't mean anything other than " I don't like that?.

ページ7:

Subject: 1.5 Metaethics (3).
2 TYPE OF Anti-realism.
- Prescriptivism. Perscribe To persuvade
Date:
give advice = different from emotionism because
they don't believe moral judgement come from emotion - Part of reason.
- agree with
Aquinass & khant.
but it doesn't mean moral oviya
- Reason are tool that use for persuading other people in society becaue human being
want to control each other. s believe what I think.
- moral statements
behavior
are expressions of commands. tool to encorage or discourage certain
- ex. Stealing is wrong
2
means I don't want you to steal.
moral language : Tecnique to persuvade social manipulate.
The mechanism of moral commands is rational but the actual content of command is not based on
anything real.
R.M. Hare
what make 5th morral. form of its self. Structure of language container that
we use content doesn't matter.
So this form is applied to everyone and must be followed
Anti-realism count as morality
- rationalistic.
·Promblem 7
O
2
morality
all moral language (discourse) more that just commands sometime it's just advise, suggestion,
confession. et
Agaist container where does the content come from? & most ppl din't think about more I that
way. Ex no one should step on a crack in the side walk. Moral? can
if only form matter, then shouldn't it include affecting others?
doesn't concern others? how those thing can be wrong.
No one should do tatto on body?
3 Type
weight?
can 5th really be moral if it
- Ethical relativism morality exist in differ culture and create different idea. There is no
I way to say that one society's rules are better than others home of this is actually right.
different explanations for exactly where beliefs come from
could be parents (Freud)
Could be from the ruling class (Marx).
- Could be from society / culture / tradtion etc.
- So, the moral authority is what ever beliefs have evolved in a particular society.

ページ8:

Subject:
-
So its
wrong
Promblem a
is ought
for one society to try to impose it's values on anorther.
Date:
discription how thing ought but not how thing should be. If it's right Tell us
the world is but not how. So maybe some are right / wrong.
if there were universal rules then more societies would have discovered them. and wouldn't have such
variety btw countries.
the differences that exist may only be about facts. I not the value.
Culture is different.
human universals things found to be true in every human society.
Ex. lying, stealing, murder are wrong.
2 basic moral rule.
The problem of tolerance
2
is it unlimitted it's
-
up
to culture cant be wrong.
- but what if other societies are doing horrible thing?
2
Ex. hornor killing married woman disohner of family
she's done sth
-
do
it
wrong.
The
→
wrong
way to fix it is killing her
(Musalim culture). They have a duty to do it.
F&M female genetal muteration (destroy sh)
2
girl pure she can't get any pressure from sex.
Protect them.
2
she got rave a victim but by being have
family kill her by hand if they don't.
musalim in north africa in order to keep
Cut off her sexual part. Right thing to do.
Say
its
wrong? Should help them
→
4
respect but educate them to understand
It's right for us to
but people don't like to tell them. Com demnation make its so unpopular.
them.
what if they don't believe? they believe that their idea are universal.
© the problem of moral progress = slavery
Some racist are smarter than racist.
Change
Over time
morgi
disgreement derive changed.
Universal and update
moral change